The Kaduna Journal of Geography (KJG) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international online journal published by the Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies, Kaduna State University. The journal is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in Geography and Environmental Sciences, with a strong emphasis on advancing knowledge across related scientific disciplines. KJG (ISSN: 2636-5308 / eISSN: 3121-6463) publishes original research articles, ensuring the highest standards of academic integrity. All submissions are subjected to plagiarism screening, and only manuscripts with a similarity index of 20% or less will be considered for review. For detailed information on manuscript format, article processing, and publication fees, please visit https://kadunajournalofgeography.org/index.php/kjg/about/submissions
Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies
Perception of Forms and Causes of Domestic Violence Against Women in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Domestic violence is a longstanding issue in Nigeria, often perceived as a normal part of life and not considered a matter deserving of public health attention as it is today. This study explored perceptions of the forms and causes of domestic violence against women in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. Data were collected through a survey, and questionnaires were administered to 382 respondents. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that 45.5% of respondents perceived wife beating as the most common form of domestic violence, driven by cultural and socioeconomic factors, lack of education, and gender inequality. About 82.1% of respondents were aware of the frequency of domestic violence in the area. The study found that domestic violence often results from deep-seated cultural practices that encourage male dominance, coupled with economic challenges and limited access to education. The consequences are far-reaching, affecting not only victims but also their families and communities. The study concludes that low-income family relationships, illiteracy, poor economic status, and substance abuse contribute to domestic violence. It recommends establishing Guidance and Counselling centers to educate and counsel partners on peaceful coexistence. Additionally, community-based initiatives are needed to address the cultural and socioeconomic factors driving domestic violence and to promote gender equality and women's empowerment. By addressing these underlying issues, it is possible to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence and create a safer, more equitable society for all.
Copyright (c) 2025 Helen Musa, Bala Dogo, Hauwau Evelyn Yusuf, Saadatu Umaru Baba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Spatial Growth of Dutsin-Ma Town, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria
Urban growth and expansion are among the most significant phenomena to study globally. This study examines the urban sprawl of Dutsin-Ma town, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 2020. Three satellite images (Landsat ETM 1990, ETM+ 2010, and NigeriaSat-X 2020) provide data for analysts. Supervised image classification via the maximum likelihood algorithm was applied to the three images. Five land use classes were identified: built-up areas, vegetation, bare surfaces, rock-out crops, and water bodies. The results from the image data from the three different dates, that is, the 1990, 2010, and 2020 images, were merged as inputs to produce one image of the change detection results. Post-classification analysis was used to quantify the changes that took place during the study period. The findings revealed that there was a significant increase in built-up areas from 6.7 km2 to 7.8 km2 and 10.8 km2 in 1990, 2010, and 2020, respectively. This represents a difference of 1.1 km2 from 1990-2010 and 3.0 km2 from 2010 to 2020, which indicates an overall increase of 61.20% in 2020, indicating that the area extent of Dutsin-Ma significantly expanded, leading to a decrease in agricultural land and vegetation within the period of study. The study recommends proper planning, layout, and monitoring of any kind of developmental activity, and environmental policies for resource sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Samaila, Abubakar Abdulazeez, Umar Abdulkadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Geography of Insecurity and Its Effect on Livelihoods in Kurfi Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria
Insecurity in Katsina state, Northwest Nigeria, including banditry, cattle rustling, kidnappings, and communal clashes, poses serious threats to rural livelihoods. This study investigates how the spatial distribution of insecurity incidents in Kurfi LGA, Katsina State, affects household livelihood outcomes. Drawing on mixed methods (household surveys, mapping, and interviews) from 420 households, the research examines income loss, asset depletion, food security, and coping strategies. Findings show that households located within 5 km of insecurity hotspots report on average 32% lower farm output and significantly higher livestock losses, as well as more frequent food shortages. Coping strategies include migration, asset sales, and shifting to non‑farm labour. The study therefore recommends the for spatially targeted interventions such as market access, livestock restocking, and secure transport routes to strengthen resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Future Trend and Variability of Extreme Climate Indices in Kano State, Nigeria (2024-2099)
Human-induced climate change has affected the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events globally, leading to widespread adverse impacts. This study examined the future (2024-2099) trend and variability of climate indices in Kano State, Nigeria, using CanESM5 Global Climate Model (GCM) of CMIP6. The GCM was downscaled using SDSM software and a future (2024-2099) scenario was generated. Power Transformation (PT) and Distribution Mapping (DM) were applied to minimize bias in the generated scenario. RClimdex (1) was used to compute extremes, while Modified Mann-Kendall and Coefficient of Variation were employed to calculate trends and variability of their extremes, respectively. Results show that there will be a significant increase in nighttime cooling, but daytime temperatures show a signal of both warming and cooling in the future. Also, a significant increase in maximum temperature and a decrease in minimum temperature are expected in the future. Generally, temperature indices showed low variability except for TX10p, TX90p, TN10p, and TN90p which showed moderate variability. The analysis of extreme rainfall indices indicates a future decrease in the intensity of extreme rainfall, as well as variations in the frequency of extreme rainfall indices. Rainfall indices showed moderate variability, except for R95p and R99p, which showed high variability. There is a need to raise awareness among local communities and stakeholders about the impacts of changing climate extremes. There is also a need to establish comprehensive climate monitoring systems in Kano State to continuously collect and analyse data on temperature and rainfall patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Sambo Ahmed, Auwal Farouk Abdussalam, Muhammad Lawal Abubakar, Khalid Ibrahim Richifa, Aliyu Buba, Dahiru Yahaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Teachers’ and Students’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence-Based Approaches to Environmental Sanitation in Secondary Schools in the North Central Zone, Nigeria
The study was motivated by ongoing sanitation challenges in schools and the growing potential of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to improve hygiene and waste management. This study examined teachers’ and students’ perceptions of AI-based approaches to environmental sanitation in secondary schools in the North Central Zone of Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised secondary school teachers and students, from which a representative sample of 400 respondents (150 teachers and 250 students) was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with mean scores, standard deviation, and t-test statistics to test the stated hypotheses. The findings revealed that 82% of teachers and 76% of students were aware of AI-based sanitation solutions, with teachers demonstrating slightly higher mean awareness scores (M = 3.42, SD = 0.48) than students (M = 3.28, SD = 0.52). Both groups exhibited positive attitudes toward AI integration, with mean attitude scores above the benchmark of 2.50. Major barriers identified included inadequate funding (reported by 78% of respondents), limited training opportunities (71%), unreliable electricity (69%), and weak administrative support (65%). The study concludes that while awareness and attitudes are favourable, infrastructural and institutional deficiencies constrain effective adoption. It is recommended that targeted training, workshops, and funding support be provided to strengthen the implementation of AI-based sanitation systems in schools.
Perceived Impacts of Stormwater on Urban Residential Neighbourhoods in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Urban centers in developing nations like Nigeria are increasingly vulnerable to stormwater challenges due to rapid urbanization, poor drainage systems and climate variability, among others. This study assesses the perceived impacts of stormwater on urban residential neighbourhoods in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 384 respondents selected through purposive sampling across various communities to ensure participation of individuals with direct experience of stormwater effects. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Weighted Mean (WM), and Standard Deviation (SD) to determine both the level of agreement and the degree of variability in residents' responses. The findings identify key contributors to stormwater runoff, with improper waste disposal into water channels (WM = 4.00; SD = 1.34), unregulated urban development (WM = 3.97; SD = 1.49), and absence or poor maintenance of drainage channels (WM = 3.87; SD = 1.42) emerging as the most critical factors. Natural drivers such as heavy rainfall and deforestation further intensify these human-induced challenges. In terms of impacts, residents reported severe effects including increased mosquito breeding and disease outbreaks (WM = 3.98; SD = 1.34), difficulty in movement during rainfall (WM = 3.92; SD = 1.44), and damage to household items and personal belongings (WM = 3.92; SD = 1.43), alongside dampness in building foundations and widespread erosion. The study therefore concludes that, stormwater presents major environmental, health, and economic risks in Zaria’s residential neighbourhoods, largely due to inadequate urban planning, poor waste management, and insufficient drainage systems. Based on the findings, the study recommends the need for improved enforcement of development control, strategic investment in drainage infrastructure, enhanced waste management programmes, and strengthened community participation in stormwater adaptation practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suleiman Musa Balarabe, Elisha Ikpe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Performance of Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI Imagery for Mapping Urban Infrastructure Footprints
The choice of remote sensing data is critical for accurate urban mapping, particularly in regions with frequent cloud cover. This study evaluates and compares the capacity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from Sentinel-1A and multispectral optical imagery from Sentinel-2 for mapping urban infrastructure footprints in Osogbo, Nigeria. Using the Google Earth Engine platform, we performed a supervised classification for the year 2023 on both datasets using a Random Forest classifier. Identical training and validation data were used for both classifications to ensure a robust comparison. The results demonstrated a stark contrast in performance. The classification based on Sentinel-2 optical imagery achieved an exceptionally high overall accuracy of 99.93% (Kappa = 0.999), effectively distinguishing between roads, buildings, vegetation, water, and bare ground. In contrast, the Sentinel-1A SAR-based classification achieved a moderate overall accuracy of 67.24% (Kappa = 0.568). The error matrix for the SAR classification revealed significant mixed classification, particularly between roads and buildings, and between certain urban features and vegetation. The study concludes that while Sentinel-1A offers all-weather capability, its utility for detailed urban infrastructure classification is limited when used independently due to its reliance on backscatter and texture, which lack the rich spectral information of optical sensors. For precise urban footprint mapping in studies of medium-sized cities, Sentinel-2 is vastly superior. However, the complementary all-weather capability of Sentinel-1A suggests that a synergistic multi-sensor fusion approach would be the most effective strategy for continuous urban monitoring in tropical regions.
Potentials of Adire Production for Sustainable Tourism Development in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Abeokuta, Ogun State capital, Nigeria, is globally renowned as Adire’s epicenter, a traditional Yoruba resist-dyeing textile art, yet its significant cultural heritage remains underexploited as a catalyst for holistic, sustainable tourism development. As a result, this study aimed at examining the impact of Adire production on sustainable tourism development in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 384 respondents in the study area. Systematic random sampling was used to administer the questionnaire in a predetermined sequence, ensuring representativeness across clustered Adire production hubs. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. Findings of the study revealed a youthful cohort (mean age 31.85 years, 77.35% under 40) and female-dominated (66.41%) producers driving Adire production with 80% familial participation. Findings showed that 80% train apprentices engage in Adire production. Findings of the study further revealed that Adire employs 184 individuals across 42 trainers (mean 4.38/trainer), with 90.27% of respondents affirming the potential of Adire production for sustainable tourism development, 81.4% viewed it as an employment source, and 41.3% recognized its role in promoting local culture. The study advocates leveraging Adire production for community-based tourism, niche market experiences for tourists, and local entrepreneurship. It recommends standardization, strategic branding, and a multi-stakeholder framework to harness Adire's production potential to position Abeokuta as Nigeria's leading sustainable cultural tourism destination.
Assessment of Urban Expansion in Parts of Kaduna Metropolis and Its Driving Factors
Rapid urban expansion has continued to pose challenges to people living in urban areas. This study assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) and the extent of urban expansion in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, over the period 2004–2024. Multitemporal Landsat satellite imagery from Landsat 7 (2004) and Landsat 8 (2014 and 2024) was obtained from the United States Geological Survey and classified using the Decision Tree method into five LULC classes: built-up areas, vegetation, grasses, bare land, and water bodies. Quantitative analysis was conducted to assess the area, magnitude, and rate of LULC changes, while qualitative Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were analyzed to identify factors contributing to urban expansion. The results of the study reveal a substantial increase in built-up areas from 95.5 km2 (5.2%) in 2004 to 435.7 km2 (23.7%) in 2024, reflecting rapid urbanization. Bare land decreased sharply between 2004 and 2014 but partially recovered by 2024, while vegetation exhibited marked expansion from 2004 to 2014, followed by a decline in 2024. Grasses remained relatively stable, and water bodies showed minimal variation, indicating limited hydrological changes. The result highlights significant conversion of non-built-up areas to urban land, indicating accelerated urban expansion over the two decades. The study provides critical insights for urban planning and sustainable land management in rapidly urbanizing Nigerian cities.
Environmental Management and Sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Ja’afar Abdullahi, Tanko, A.S., Ibrahim Samaila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Appraisal of The Effects of Sand Excavation on The Environment of Egume, Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria
Sand mining is a crucial activity supporting infrastructure development and economic growth; however, its environmental impact raises significant concerns. This research appraised the effects of sand excavation on the environment of Egume in Dekina LGA. The study employed multiple research methods, including surveys, expert interviews, and direct community engagement, to assess the extent of environmental degradation and public awareness. The purposive sampling method was used to select respondents and locations identified to be directly associated with sand excavation, and a simple random sampling was employed to select from each of the respondent groups, identified as elementary sampling units for data collection. A satellite image of the mining site was downloaded from Google Earth Desktop Application for the study in the determination of the areal extent of the sand mining sites (burrow pits), which showed the actual pits of the sand. A total of 400 respondents were sampled for the study; however, 389 were found useful for analysis. The study revealed that 52% go into mining as a result of employment opportunity, 91% because of the lucrativeness of the business, and 75.6% as a result of a change in social status. The findings also indicate that the effects of sand excavation on the people include demolition of houses, which is found to be 3.4 on the Likert scale and is accepted. Loss of Soil nutrients due to erosion of the top soil is 3.5 also accepted. The paper therefore suggests an urgent need for stricter regulatory frameworks, better mining practices, and increased public awareness to ensure sustainable resource utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics and Awareness Levels of Coastal Hazards in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria
Solid Coastal communities in the Niger Delta region face increasing environmental risks shaped by complex socio-economic and ecological factors. Consequently, this study assessed the relationship between demographic and socio-economic characteristics and awareness levels of coastal hazards in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The data used for this study were acquired from the administration of 817 copies of the questionnaire. A systematic sampling technique was used for the administration of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the socio-demographic/economic profiles of the respondents and their coastal hazards awareness levels. Chi-square X2 test was used to examine the relationship between the demographic/socio-economic variables and hazard awareness levels in the study area. Findings of the study revealed that floods and saltwater intrusion showed the highest awareness levels (means 3.06, 3.02), while erosion and accretion were lowest at 2.26. The findings revealed moderate coastal hazard awareness among respondents, with a grand mean of 2.59 and a standard deviation of 1.067, indicating notable variability in awareness levels. Findings further revealed that there is a significant correlation with age, educational attainment, and family size, duration of residence, occupation, and income with respondents’ awareness of coastal hazards. Notably, older, more educated individuals and larger families exhibited higher awareness of hazards, including coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and sea-level rise. The study recommends targeted coastal hazard education for marginalized groups like low-income, low-education, and new residents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bitrus Eniyekenimi Daukere, Ifatokun Paul Ifabiyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Environmental Sustainability of the Built Environment in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Kano Metropolis is undergoing rapid urbanization, resulting in a high urban growth rate that is a major challenge for urban environmental sustainability. This study evaluates the environmental sustainability of the built environment in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, with a view to providing solutions to the increasing pressures from population expansion, infrastructural strain, and environmental degradation. Using a descriptive research design, a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire was administered for data collection by employing the Delphi technique; 23 experts across multiple environment-related disciplines were selected purposively for the study. The key indicators of the built environment include housing, infrastructure, and aesthetics. The responses were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis in the SPSS environment using mean values, standard deviation, and percentage, as well as consensus level, to determine the availability and quality of these indicators. Results show that Housing, Infrastructures, and Aesthetics have considerably low means and SD that range from 1.91 to 2.70 and 0.90 to 1.36, 2.13 to 2.74 and 0.76 to 1.36, 2.04 to 2.48 and 0.93 to 1.30, respectively. Housing was found to be poorly designed, unaffordable, and lacked basic amenities. Infrastructure such as road networks, drainage, and waste management systems was inadequate, while Aesthetic components, including green spaces, recreational areas, and structure spacing, were notably deficient. These deficiencies reflect broader issues of weak urban planning, over-exploitation of natural resources, and ineffective environmental governance. Hence, there is a need to adopt sustainable construction practices using local and agro-based materials, policy-driven urban densification, and the protection of green and open spaces.
Examining the Relationship between Green Space Depletion and the Urban Heat Island Effect in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State, Nigeria
This study examined green space depletion (GSD) and its relationship with the urban heat island (UHI) effect in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI/TIRS bands and land surface temperature (LST) data for the periods 2000, 2015, and 2025 were obtained from the USGS Earth Explorer. The images were analysed, where land surface temperature (LST) extent, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were generated. Analysis of NDVI maps for the period indicates a consistent decline in vegetation cover, where vegetated areas decreased from approximately 42% in 2000 to 32% in 2015 and further to approximately 20% in 2025. This represents a total vegetation loss of more than 50% over 25 years across the metropolis. Findings reveal that the city experienced a nearly 100% increase in high-temperature surface coverage within 25 years, confirming a rapidly intensifying UHI effect. There is a significant negative correlation between the LST and NDVI, indicating that low NDVI values tend to have relatively high LST values, contributing to the formation of UHI hotspots. Central, southern, and western areas (Mabera, Kasarawa, Runjin Sambo, and Guiwa low-cost/Guiwa village) exhibited high UHI intensity. These areas happened to get minimal green spaces. The study concludes that there is spatial concurrence of GSD and UHI hotspots. This manifested in a clear spatial association between areas of GSD and UHI hotspots; impervious, densely built areas that exhibit higher LSTs. This study recommends robust re-greening efforts and the safeguarding of green spaces in the Sokoto metropolis to mitigate the UHI effect.
Geospatial Inequities in Access to Public Primary Healthcare Centers: Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Policy Drivers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study evaluates the spatial justice of Public Primary Healthcare Centres (PPHCs) distribution across Kaduna State’s 255 electoral wards, critiquing the rigid "one PPHC per ward" mandate. Using a mixed-methods approach, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping was integrated with a household survey (N=400). Results reveal a systemic mismatch: while 100% of wards have a facility, only 42% meet national population-to-facility standards. Severe overcrowding exists in the North (72.41%) and Central (83.95%) zones, with ratios exceeding 1:40,000. ANOVA results (F=18.42, p < 0.001) confirm significant zonal disparities in access quality. Furthermore, Pearson Correlation identified a "Proximity-Poverty Paradox," where household income (r = 0.64) and transport costs (r = -0.58) are stronger predictors of access than distance among the 87.96% living in poverty. The study concludes that current administrative allocation prioritizes territorial equality over equity of outcome. Policy must transition toward GIS-guided Maximum Coverage Location Models (MCLM) and aggressive expansion of the Kaduna State Contributory Health Management Authority (KADCHMA) to decouple healthcare access from income and achieve Universal Health Coverage.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS); Healthcare Policy; Income; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Universal Health Coverage (UHC); Ward Health System (WHS).
Copyright (c) 2025 Averik, P. D., Obafemi, A. A, Eludoyin, O. S., Ogoro, M, Ndabula, C, Jidauna, G. G (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone, Nigeria
Carbon sequestration in soils has a huge potential to decrease the rate of CO2 emission to the atmosphere. However, little is known about Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stock and fluxes in savannas. This study quantified the SOC of major plant communities in the southern guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to determine their carbon sequestration potential for climate change mitigation. Field and laboratory procedures were employed to estimate carbon stock. Soil samples were collected by resampling from 40 permanent sampling plots for the years 2013, 2017, and 2021, respectively. Eighty composite soil samples were taken at two depths (0-15cm and 15-30cm). SOC concentration was estimated in the laboratory using the wet-oxidation Walkley-Black method. Findings revealed that between 2013 and 2021, the mean bulk density at 0–15 cm increased from 1.29 to 1.38 g cm-3, while at 15-30cm depth ranged from 1.30 to 1.36 g cm-3, signifying an increasing trend of soil compaction. Conversely, the mean SOC at 0–15 cm decreased from 20.11 to 14.06 Mg ha-1 while 15-30cm ranged from 15.84 to 11.92 Mg ha-1, implying carbon loss. The mean SOC concentration was mostly higher in the 0-15 cm layer than in the 15-30 cm layer. Savanna Woodland recorded the highest SOC (23.41 Mg ha-1) in 2013, while the Recent fallow land recorded the lowest (7.25 Mg ha-1) in 2021. Between 2013 and 2021, carbon emissions occurred at an annual loss rate of 8.87 Mg ha-1 yr-1. It was concluded that the restoration of the various plant communities has the potential to sequester about 79.84 Mg ha-1 of SOC at an annual rate of 8.87 Mg ha-1, which will provide effective climate change mitigation. This study recommends sustainable management practices for soil carbon sequestration, such as forest protection, fire management, afforestation, the use of organic fertilizers, and soil amendments.
Climate Change, Mitigation, Soil Organic Carbon, Sequestration, Savanna
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullahi Jibrin, Mukhtar Ibrahim, Hamza Muhammad, Liman Alhaji Saba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Community Participation and Local Governance in Rural Development in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria
In Chikun Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, persistent rural development challenges such as low community involvement in development initiatives, limited awareness of local projects, and moderate trust in local governance have constrained the sustainability and effectiveness of development efforts. This study examines community participation and the effectiveness of local governance in fostering sustainable rural development in Chikun Local Government Area (LGA), Kaduna State. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 394 respondents selected from Gwagwada, Kakau, and Rido wards, with the sample determined using Taro Yamane’s formula. Findings revealed that participation in development initiatives is generally low, with only 23% actively involved despite high willingness among residents. Awareness of local projects is limited, meeting attendance is irregular, and trust in local governance remains moderate. Key barriers include lack of awareness, financial constraints, low trust, political interference, and limited skills. Residents identified awareness campaigns, government support, capacity building, transparency, and more direct engagement platforms as strategies to improve participation. The study also found that insecurity, particularly banditry and kidnapping, as well as settler–indigene tensions, weaken trust and discourage community involvement. Strengthening communication, enhancing institutional support, and promoting inclusive decision-making are therefore essential to improving accountability and ensuring more sustainable rural development outcomes in Chikun LGA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Solomon Kwallah Moses, Simeon Dogo, Zubairu Eunice Sanaka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Public-Private Partnership on Housing Development in Calabar Municipal Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examines public-private partnership and housing development in the Calabar Municipal Local Government of Cross River State. The study objective is to determine the extent to which public-private partnership has affected housing development in Calabar. The study methodology is quantitative; survey research design was used, and data for the study were generated from a primary source. The instrument of the primary data collection used was a questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 384 respondents selected from the population of 304,119 of Calabar Municipal LGA. The stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample from the population. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools and multiple Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The test result revealed that the t-statistic of the independent variable stood at 4.229 with a p-value of 0.000. The p-value is less than 0.05, indicating that the relationship depicted in the model is significant at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there is a significant effect of public-private partnership on housing affordability in the Calabar Municipal local government. Also, the study revealed that the t-statistic of the independent variable stood at 7.362 with a p-value of 0.000. The p-value is less than 0.05, indicating that the relationship depicted in the model is significant at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there is a significant effect of public-private partnership on housing quality in the Calabar Municipal Local Government Area. The study recommends that the government should provide adequate counterpart funding and strengthen the legal and institutional frameworks guiding PPP housing projects to promote affordable and quality housing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salihu Musa Koko, Yusuf Muhammad Gulu, Yusuf Chiwar Gambo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Challenges in the Adoption of Circular Economy Practices among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
The global shift toward sustainable development emphasizes an all-sector transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, inclusive of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study investigates the challenges faced by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in adopting Circular Economy (CE) initiatives in Awka, Anambra State. Using a survey of 100 SME owners and managers across hospitality, retail, manufacturing, and service sectors, the research explores challenges and motivating factors of CE adoption by SMEs through purposive sampling. Data was analysed using percentages, means, and ranking. Challenges identified include lack of awareness and information (21%), followed by lack of technical knowledge (20%) and financial constraints (19%). Ranking the severity of the challenges showed that lack of government incentive, lack of awareness, and financial constraints ranked first, second, and third, respectively. The two most significant motivating factors encouraging adoption of CE stem from the benefits derived, which are the reduction of operation cost (26%) and environmental sustainability (25%). The study concludes that CE adoption in Awka is at an early stage, driven mainly by environmental concerns and cost-saving motives. It recommends targeted training, financial incentives, and supportive policies to strengthen SMEs’ capacity for sustainable practices, thereby promoting environmental protection and economic resilience in the region.
Circular Economy, Small and Medium Enterprises
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Iheukwumere (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of Fire Preparedness Within Lagos State Government Facilities in Lagos Mainland Local Government Area, Lagos State
Fire outbreaks in rapidly urbanizing areas, particularly affecting public facilities, come with significant losses. These could range from critical record loss to disruption of public services and potential casualties. Fire preparedness in such facilities is thus critical. This study assessed the dynamics of fire preparedness of Lagos State government facilities in Lagos Mainland LGA, a highly urbanized region. Specifically, facilities were mapped, and their distribution was analyzed. Available fire preparedness equipment and staff fire safety knowledge were also evaluated. A combination of fieldwork, direct observation, and social survey was employed for data collection. Twenty-one (21) facilities were identified, coordinates retrieved, and mapped accordingly. A total of 105 staff members of the facilities were randomly selected for questionnaire administration. Sampled facilities were found to be randomly distributed with a nearest neighbour index of 1.0472. All the facilities were within a 2km buffer of fire stations, but fire safety equipment across the facilities was largely inadequate. The highest fire preparedness index attained was 0.5 out of 1.0, indicating generally low scores across the board. Fire drills and training of staff were largely lacking, even though 72% indicated personal knowledge of the use of fire extinguishers. Urgent retrofitting of facilities with modern equipment and mandatory quarterly fire drills, among others, were recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adebola Daramola, Sekinat Arije (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Smart Transportation System: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smart Transportation Systems in Reducing Congestion and Emissions in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Urban transportation in Nigeria faces critical challenges of traffic congestion and rising emissions, which undermine economic productivity, environmental health, and urban livability. This study explores the potential and the actual use of smart transportation technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to mitigate these challenges, with a specific focus on Kaduna Metropolis. A comparative case study approach is employed, using Lagos and Enugu as benchmarks for both established and emerging smart mobility interventions. Data were drawn from traffic volume counts, Peak Hour Factor (PHF) analysis, pollution metrics, and a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed studies. GIS mapping visualized congestion hotspots, while a proposed ML model demonstrates the potential for real-time traffic prediction. Results indicate that Kaduna metropolis experiences severe traffic congestion, with an average PHF of 0.78 and CO2 concentrations exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) safety thresholds. Lagos shows moderate improvements through initiatives such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and ride-hailing platforms, while Enugu faces episodic traffic congestion due to socio-political disruptions. Based on these findings, the study proposes a context-specific smart transportation framework for Kaduna, integrating IoT-enabled traffic sensors, ML-driven analytics, and GIS-based spatial planning. The findings have broader implications for urban transport policy, infrastructure development, and sustainable mobility strategies in Nigerian cities and comparable urban contexts across Africa.
Smart Transportation, Internet of Things, Machine Learning, Geographic Information Systems, Traffic Congestion, Emissions, Kaduna, Lagos, Enugu, Urban Mobility
Copyright (c) 2025 Mukhtar Abdulkarim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge of Antenatal and Obstetric Care among Women of Childbearing Age Group in Some LGAs in Kaduna State, Nigeria
The knowledge of antenatal care (ANC) among pregnant women has played a major role in the reduction of maternal and perinatal mortality in women of reproductive age, yet the global burden is still high in many developing countries, including Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge of ANC and awareness of health services among women in the reproductive age group in six LGAs in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 863 women were interviewed. The study used descriptive statistics in SPSS v20 and prevalence ranking to analyze the data. The results revealed that the age distribution showed that the mean age of the respondents was 25.8 ±6.4 years. The majority (48%) was between 25 and 34 years, with 18.8% between 35 – 39 years, 6.5% older than 45 years, and 5.0% under 19 -24 years. Varying levels of awareness of each activity carried out during ANC were recorded, with BP check ranking highest, 78.8 %. This was closely followed by 67.2% and 58.6% representing those who agreed to be aware of education on breastfeeding, family planning, and nutritional care. The reason behind the high level of awareness in this study might be a result of high literacy levels. Effective strategies to encourage women’s education, coupled with improvements in ANC quality, are essential in combating maternal and perinatal mortality in women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gladys Sani, Ajaero Chukwudozie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Land-Use Land-Cover Dynamics of Malam Aminu Kano and Murtala Mohammed International Airports in Nigeria
The increasing demand for efficient transport systems has necessitated airports to evolve into modern facilities in line with global best practice, coupled with the competition over scarce resources have altered the land cover in many airports around the world. This study examines the Land-use and Land-cover (LULC) dynamics of Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport (MAKIA) and Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) in Nigeria from 1982 to 2022. Using a combination of multispectral Landsat imagery and high-resolution satellite data, the research evaluates the extent of land conversion driven by infrastructure expansion, cropland development, and population growth using supervised classification. The results reveal significant reductions in forest cover and grasslands, with infrastructure and cropland as primary drivers. At MMIA, forest cover decreased by 29%, while cropland expanded by over 1,000%. MAKIA recorded a 43% loss in cropland, largely replaced by infrastructure. The findings highlight the environmental trade-offs of airport development, particularly the decline in vegetation and biocapacity, which pose sustainability challenges. This study emphasizes the need for policy interventions, such as vertical infrastructure expansion and reforestation, to mitigate the ecological impacts of airport growth. The research contributes valuable understandings into the interplay between aviation development and land use changes in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliyu Haidar Abubakar, Dr Ibrahim Audu, Prof. L.F. Buba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Nexus between Deforestation and Land Surface Temperature Rise in a Semi-Arid African City: A 20-Year Geospatial Analysis of Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria
Rapid urbanization in semi-arid Africa often triggers deforestation, raising concerns about its impact on urban microclimates and the intensification of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This study provides a rigorous 20-year geospatial analysis of the relationship between deforestation and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria, a rapidly growing city in the semi-arid Sudan Savanna. Using Landsat satellite imagery (2002, 2012, 2022), we quantified vegetation cover change via the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and retrieved LST using the mono-window algorithm. Our findings reveal a significant degradation of dense vegetation, which declined by 23.1% (a loss of 5.51 km²), while non-vegetated areas expanded by 59.6% (a gain of 17.13 km²). This land cover transformation was accompanied by a pronounced rise in LST, with the mean temperature increasing by 2.5°C and the minimum temperature rising sharply by 5.6°C, indicating an intensified and persistent UHI effect. Critically, correlation analysis demonstrated a strong and strengthening negative relationship between NDVI and LST, with the coefficient of determination (R²) increasing to 0.81 by 2022. This confirms that vegetation loss is the dominant driver of urban warming in this semi-arid setting. The study concludes that unchecked urban expansion at the expense of green spaces poses a significant environmental threat, and it underscores the urgent need for integrated urban greening strategies as a primary component of climate-resilient planning in semi-arid African cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Musa Haruna Tanko, Abubakar Sani Bawale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resilience Pathways in Flood-Prone Hadejia River Using Relative Importance Index Approach for Targeted Mitigation Strategies
Floods are among the most devastating consequences of global warming and can cause unprecedented disruptions in the operations of contemporary communities. Despite global efforts to increase flood resilience, the local pathways driving increasing flood risk in the Hadejia River remain poorly quantified, hindering the development of effective, targeted mitigation strategies. This study addresses this critical knowledge gap by identifying and prioritizing the key physical and socioeconomic drivers of flood risk in the Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The study employed a field reconnaissance survey, which utilized a structured questionnaire as the primary instrument, to collect baseline data from a sample of 400 households across flood-prone communities between August 2023 and January 2024. The collected data were analysed via the relative importance index (RII) technique to objectively rank the significance of the identified flood drivers. The results indicate that riverbed siltation (RII=0.87) is the most significant factor influencing flood risk, followed closely by steep side channels (RII=0.86) and prolonged periods of rainfall (RII=0.86). Other critical contributors include a high number of tributaries discharging into the main river (RII=0.84), urbanization (RII=0.82), and the presence of Typha grass and water weeds (RII=0.82). However, the analysis confirmed that socioeconomic factors, such as land use changes, river diversion, and urban expansion, significantly influence the flood vulnerability of the basin. These findings provide a clear, evidence-based prioritization of flood pathways, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions, specifically desilting and channel management, to increase flood resilience, improve infrastructure, and support community adaptation strategies in the Hadejia River Basin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hadi Ahmad, Dr. M. T. Murtala, Dr. A. Balarabe, Muktar Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of the Seasonal Variations in Elemental Composition of Fine Particulate Matter across Selected Industrial Locations in Lagos State, Nigeria
Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) poses a significant threat to environmental quality and human health, especially in rapidly urbanizing and industrializing regions like Lagos State, Nigeria. Understanding its elemental composition and seasonal variation is crucial for formulating effective air quality management strategies. This study monitored PM₂.₅ concentrations and their elemental composition across eleven locations in five major industrial estates (Odogunyan, Ikeja/Ogba, Oshodi/Ilupeju, Apapa, and Surulere) and one control site (Alausa) in Lagos over a 12-month period. A total of 132 PM₂.₅ samples were collected using air metric gravimetric samplers. Elemental analysis was performed using the Rigaku EG Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) to quantify the presence of 51 elements. PM₂.₅ concentrations varied significantly between the wet and dry seasons, with higher values recorded in the dry season (24.55–137.14 µg/m³) exceeding WHO guidelines compared to the wet season (7.94–32.4 µg/m³). Of the 51 elements screened, 41 were detected, with silicon (Si), barium (Ba), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca) being the most abundant. Spatial patterns showed that Odogunyan and Surulere had the highest elemental burdens due to heavy industrial and vehicular activities. The study revealed distinct spatial and seasonal variations in PM₂.₅ concentrations and elemental composition, reflecting differences in industrial activity and environmental conditions. The presence of potentially toxic elements highlights serious public health concerns, especially in densely populated areas. There is an urgent need for Lagos State Government to strengthen its air quality regulations and enforce cleaner industrial practices. Establishing a continuous air quality monitoring network and integrating air pollution controls in urban planning are essential steps toward reducing exposure to harmful pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2025 PETER AGAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Geographic Information System-Based Approach to Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Agricultural Lands in Oyo Metropolis
This study analyses the land use changes on agricultural lands in Oyo metropolis from 2000 to 2024 using geospatial techniques. Landsat satellite imagery was employed to assess changes in the identified five land use classes: built-up areas, farmland, open spaces, shrubs, and water bodies. The analysis revealed a significant decline in farmland, which accounted for 46.25% of the total land lost, while open spaces expanded by 53.37%, and built-up areas increased by 2.18% reflecting urbanization and land conversion pressures. The study also observed an alarming annual farmland loss rate of -4,460.46 ha / year, highlighting the adverse effects of urban expansion on agriculture. Additionally, vegetation cover (shrubs) declined by 9.29%, indicating potential environmental degradation, while water bodies showed negligible change (-0.01%), suggesting relative stability. these findings underscores the urgent need for sustainable land use policies to mitigate the loss of agricultural land and ensure food security in the area. The study recommends implementing zoning regulations, promoting sustainable farming practices, and strengthening Geographic Information System-based monitoring to track landuse dynamics. By adopting these measures, policy makers and stakeholders can better manage land resources and minimize the negative impacts of rapid urbanization on agriculture.
Geographical Information System-Based, Land use changes, Oyo Metropolis
Copyright (c) 2025 Habeeb Omotola Oloyede, Olufemi Adewale Adedokun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Hydroclimatic Trends and Water Availability Dynamics in Mubi North, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Water availability in semi-arid regions is highly sensitive to fluctuations in climate and land-surface processes; however, the limited knowledge of long-term hydroclimatic behavior in northeastern Nigeria limits effective resource management. This work investigated four decades of hydroclimatic variability (1985-2024) in Mubi North, Adamawa State, exploring the interlinkages between temperature, precipitation, runoff, soil moisture, vapour pressure, and water deficit. Data were gathered from the Climate Engine website through the TerraClimate and GRIDMET datasets (~4-km resolution). Monthly records were summarized into annual means. Analyses used the Mann-Kendall trend test, Sen's slope estimator, and Pearson correlation to assess the trends and interdependencies. Among the more pronounced changes, minimum temperature increased by +0.41 °C per decade, runoff by +1.9 mm/year, soil moisture by +3.4 mm/year, and vapor pressure by +0.12 kPa per decade, with a reduction in water deficit by -2.6 mm/year, thus signalling an improvement in water availability despite ongoing warming. In addition, maximum temperature and precipitation increased insignificantly, at +0.09 °C per decade and +2.8 mm/year, respectively. Highly statistically significant positive correlations between precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture (r = 0.756-0.932, p < 0.001) confirm rainfall as the dominant driver of hydrology, while land-surface conditions affect storage and flow responses. Overall, this study has shown that Mubi North has undergone significant hydroclimatic transformation driven by warming, increased soil moisture, enhanced runoff, and reduced water stress. To ensure the continuation of such positive changes, this study prioritizes integrated land-water management that promotes soil moisture conservation through, for instance, agroforestry and mulching, erosion control, and climate-resilient agricultural planning supported by regular hydroclimatic monitoring and land-use studies to enhance adaptive water policies in semi-arid northeastern Nigeria.
Hydroclimatic trends, Sen’s Slope, Water Availability
Copyright (c) 2025 Yohanna Peter (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Technology and Digital Tools in Crop Protection under Climate Stress
Climate change intensifies threats to global food security by increasing plant pest and disease prevalence, exacerbating yield losses annually. Traditional crop protection methods, which rely on reactive measures and broad-spectrum pesticides, struggle to address these evolving challenges amid rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events, but with low results. This paper examines the transformative role of digital technologies in enhancing climate-resilient agriculture. Remote sensing, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) enable early pest detection, predictive analytics, and real-time monitoring, facilitating targeted interventions that reduce chemical use and optimize resource efficiency. Precision agriculture tools, such as variable rate technology, improve input application and strengthen crop resilience. However, adoption barriers persist, including unequal access to technology, high costs, and data privacy concerns. Overcoming these challenges requires collaborative efforts among governments, institutions, and farmers. This approach prioritizes digital infrastructure, capacity building, and equitable policy frameworks. Integrating technological innovation with ecological principles offers a pathway to sustainable agricultural systems capable of safeguarding food security in a climate-stressed scenario.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kabiru Shehu, Mubi, Aishatu Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Density and Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions of Tamarindus indica L. in Parkland Agroforestry Systems of Gumel Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Parkland agroforestry systems in the Sahel are critical for livelihoods and ecosystem services, yet they face escalating degradation. The specific status of key indigenous species like Tamarindus indica L., vital for soil fertility and farmer resilience, remains inadequately documented in many areas, including the Gumel region of Jigawa State, Nigeria. This study assessed the density of T. Indica and smallholder farmers’ perceptions of its status and ecological roles within these threatened systems. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining field inventories across four purposively selected wards (Baikarya, Dantanoma, Garin Barka, and Gusau) with semi-structured interviews (n=60) and focus group discussions (n=4). Quantitative data on tree density were analysed using ANOVA, while qualitative data from interviews and FGDs were processed through thematic and sentiment analysis. Results revealed a critically low mean density of T. Indica (0.001125/m²) with no significant differences between locations. Farmers unanimously perceived a decline in the species, primarily attributing it to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and low levels of active regeneration, due to socio-economic pressures and knowledge gaps. The study concludes that despite recognizing its value, a disconnect between farmer awareness and conservation action threatens the species’ persistence. The study recommends integrated conservation strategies that combine targeted scientific research, farmer education, and policy reforms grounded in local knowledge to ensure the sustainable management and utilization of T. Indica.
Agroforestry, Density, Smallholder Farmland, Farmer’s Perception, Tamarindus indica
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmajid Abubakar, Jibrin Gambo, Muhammad Nuraddeen Danjuma, Usman Shehu Ahmad, Fatiha Ibrahim Dan'iya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of the Impact of Urban Renewal on the Livelihood System in Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study assessed the impact of the Kaduna State Urban Renewal Programme on the livelihood systems of people. A convenience sampling method was used to administer the structured questionnaire in the three (3) areas currently undergoing this renewal programme. Both Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse and summarise the data. Base on a weighted average of 3.019, the results from the data analysis, reports that majority of the respondents appeared to be aware of the Urban Renewal Programme in the Kaduna, Jema’a and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State probably as a result of the presences of much physical transformation under took by the government such as roads dualization/ construction, infrastructural rehabilitation/ renovations, constructions of fly overs and bridges, street lightening, city beautification and aesthetics. They are aware of the government's compensation plan, administrative planning, and adequate logistics planning, which may be a result of the government's demonstrated readiness. These respondents also have a high perception of the positive impact of the KURP on the education and economy of the inhabitants of these Metropolitan areas, since the dualization/or road expansions and construction are catalysts for reducing travel time, while market modernization and development of shopping malls will boost local economies. The research confirms that urban renewal activities in Kaduna State, while essential for urban development, have significant environmental and social repercussions. These changes adversely affect the livelihood systems of vulnerable populations, leading to socio-economic dislocation and diminished quality of life.
Assessment, urban renewal, programme, livelihood
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullahi Sule Tanko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0