The Kaduna Journal of Geography (KJG) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international online journal published by the Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies, Kaduna State University. The journal is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in Geography and Environmental Sciences, with a strong emphasis on advancing knowledge across related scientific disciplines. KJG (ISSN: 2636-5308 / eISSN: 3121-6463) publishes original research articles, ensuring the highest standards of academic integrity. All submissions are subjected to plagiarism screening, and only manuscripts with a similarity index of 20% or less will be considered for review. For detailed information on manuscript format, article processing, and publication fees, please visit https://kadunajournalofgeography.org/index.php/kjg/about/submissions
Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies
Monitoring Ecosystem Change and Its Impact on Livelihoods in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State: An Integrated Approach
Wamakko Local Government Area is one of the 23 Local Government Areas of Sokoto State, characterized by a fragile dryland ecosystem. However, the ecosystem in this area is under heavy threats caused by both natural and anthropogenic drivers, a situation that adversely undermines its ability to provide adequate and qualitative goods and services necessary for human survival, environmental protection, and sustainable development. This study assesses ecosystem change and its impacts on livelihoods in Wamakko LGA, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Using an integrated approach combining Remote Sensing, multitemporal Landsat images (2000- 2024), which were used to compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), GIS analysis, and field surveys (300 questionnaires, FGD, and KII). The study reveals a significant decline in ecosystem vigor (NDVI decreased from 0.59 to 0.42, ~30%). The degradation is driven by climate variability and population-induced land-use pressures. Livelihood impacts include reduced agricultural productivity, water scarcity, and declining income. The study recommends sustainable land management, ecosystem restoration, and improved environmental monitoring.
Environmental Management and Sustainability
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface and Groundwater Samples from The Vicinity of Kurudu Solid Waste Dumpsite, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
Given the documented threats posed by heavy metal contamination to environmental and public health, this study assessed heavy metal concentrations in surface and groundwater around the decommissioned Kurudu dumpsite in Abuja, FCT. Groundwater samples were collected from two boreholes (GW1 and GW2) and one hand-dug well (GW3) within the vicinity of the dumpsite. Surface water samples were obtained from Oja River at three points—upstream, midstream, and downstream - between February and March, from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., using 500 mL specimen bottles. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, while metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results showed iron concentrations of 0.40±0.11, 0.09±0.02, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L in GW1, GW2, and GW3 respectively. Lead was not detected in GW1 and GW2 but recorded 0.001 mg/L in GW3. Zinc concentrations were 0.35±0.20, 0.21±0.04, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L, while copper concentrations ranged between 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L across groundwater samples. Magnesium values ranged from 6.00 to 7.50 mg/L, and manganese ranged from 0.09 to 0.62 mg/L. In Oja River, iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.81 mg/L, while lead levels (2.20–3.22 mg/L) exceeded FMEnv standards for irrigation water. Zinc levels also increased downstream. Overall, cadmium and manganese in groundwater exceeded permissible limits, indicating that the Kurudu dumpsite has negatively impacted groundwater quality and poses environmental and agricultural risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikenna Ugonna Uzonu, Precious Ihuoma Ikechukwu, Ruth Obiageri Ikechukwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Geography of Non-Work Travels in a Secondary African City: Analyzing Journeys for Shopping, Recreation, and Healthcare in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Non-work travel is an underexplored area of African urban transport research, even though it plays a vital role in the quality of life and the availability of essential services. This paper focused on the spatial arrangements and determinants of travel for shopping, recreation, and healthcare in the Zaria Metropolis. The study assesses the major intra-urban disparities in travel behaviour using a mixed-method approach by combining household surveys (n=384) in the urban zones of Zaria metropolis, including Samaru, Sabon Gari, Tudun Wada, and Zaria Walled City, along with spatial analysis of their road network connectivity using graph-theoretical indices (Alpha, Beta, Gamma). The results show that healthcare trips have the highest travel distances and costs, with 53% of the sample covering 5-10 kilometres and 52.4% paying N500-N700 per trip, whereas shopping trips are mostly short (65-88.5% less than 5 kilometres) but have unexpected cost differences, with 51.3% of the residents of Sabon Gari spending more than N1,000 despite the short travel. Recreational travel reflects patterns of a specific zone, with Samaru at 69% per week and Zaria Walled City at 42.2% per month. Taba and Likoro show higher network connectivity (Gamma = 0.6), while Kerawa exhibits marked weakness (Alpha = 0.0, Beta = 1.1, Gamma = 0.4), with several wards displaying reduced Alpha (0.1) and Beta (≤1.3), reflecting lower network redundancy. The strongest predictors of travel behaviour, according to multiple regression, are travel cost (b=0.390) and mode (b=0.323) (p<0.001). This paper finds that economic constraints, infrastructural gaps, and spatial inequalities are major determinants of non-work mobility and, as such, have implications for sustainable urban planning in Africa's secondary cities.
Tourism, Recreation, and Cultural Landscapes
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Aminu Abdullahi, Abdulkadir Muhammad Dambazau, Ado Abdu Gaya, Bello Umar Musa, Sani Isah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Commercial Drivers’ Knowledge of Road Safety Signs and Its Implications for Tourism Transport Safety in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Commercial drivers play important roles in providing urban mobility and transportation for tourism, yet our understanding of their knowledge of road safety signs remains inadequate. This study examines commercial drivers' knowledge of road safety signs and symbols and the link between that knowledge and tourism transport safety. A descriptive survey design was used to gather data through structured questionnaires and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment correlation (PPMC). The study revealed numerous challenges in drivers' understanding of road safety signs. The traffic light sign received the highest level of knowledge (4.68), whereas the scores of the other signs were much lower, below the acceptable threshold (3.00). The pedestrian crossing was the hardest sign, requiring much interpretation (29.10%). A lack of education and awareness (52.26%) and language barriers (26.55%) were the main challenges related to drivers' road safety. Additionally, 72.88% of traffic violations or accidents were caused by drivers misunderstanding signs. The results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between drivers' knowledge and the outcomes of the tourism transportation process (r = 0.620, p < 0.05). This means that more knowledgeable drivers have better transport results. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.384) indicates that drivers' knowledge makes an important contribution to the results, but is not the only one. It can be concluded that increasing road safety literacy among commercial drivers will improve safety and performance in transportation processes in the Kaduna Metropolis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziya Muhammad Muazu, Yahya Saleh Ibrahim, Abdulkadir Yahaya Muhammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of Farmers’ Access and Utilization of Meteorological Information in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Climate change and extreme weather events continue to present considerable challenges to agriculture in developing countries. This study evaluated farmers’ access to and utilization of meteorological information in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, amid increasing climate variability and its impact on rain-fed farming. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 384 farmers were selected through multistage sampling. Data were gathered via questionnaires, with secondary climatic data (1970–2024) obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Rainfall and temperature patterns were analyzed using linear trend regression, while survey responses were summarized with descriptive statistics. Results showed a fluctuating yet overall rising trend in rainfall (R2 = 0.0863), with delayed onset between April and May and cessation between September and October. The growing season lasted from 109 to 191 days. Temperature trends indicated a steady increase in maximum temperatures (R2 = 0691 and 0.0335 for Max and Min), consistent with global climate change patterns. Although 89% of farmers possessed some knowledge of meteorological information, access was limited- only 16% had high access, and 37% had none. Radio was the main information source (68%), with extension services playing a minor role (2%). Meteorological data influenced decisions on planting, crop choice, and harvesting, but poor communication infrastructure, weak extension services, and inadequate dissemination mechanisms hindered the effectiveness of these decisions. The study concludes that, despite high awareness, limited access diminishes usefulness. It recommends strengthening information dissemination and institutional support to enhance agricultural resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 J.D Ariko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Workplace Safety and Sustainable Practices as Predictors of Staff Health and Business Performance in Kaduna’s Hospitality Industry
The hospitality industry is a significant employer, yet it often features challenging working conditions. While sustainable practices are being increasingly adopted, their direct influence on key operational outcomes, such as staff productivity and business performance, remains poorly quantified, especially in developing urban contexts. This study addresses this gap by quantitatively analysing data from 349 staff and management organizations across hotels, guesthouses, and restaurants in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and correlation analysis, the study investigates the effects of workplace safety practices on staff productivity and business performance, as well as the relationships between broader sustainable practices and staff health and safety. The results reveal a strong positive relationship, with workplace safety practices accounting for 52.7% (R² = 0.527) of the variation in staff productivity and 49.3% (R² = 0.493) of the variation in business performance. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between sustainable practices and staff health and safety (the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.54 to 0.68, p<0.001). The regression model indicated that sustainable practices explained 61% of the variation in health and safety outcomes (R² = 0.61). The findings suggest that sustainability is not merely a cost or a marketing tool but also a strategic driver of employee well-being, efficiency, and competitive advantage. The study concludes by recommending that hospitality managers prioritize safety training and equipment and integrate comprehensive sustainability practices such as waste management and energy efficiency to achieve tangible improvements in both human capital and business capital.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asiyatu Ibrahim, Yahya Saleh Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Spatial Correlations Between Groundwater Potential Zones and Borehole Productivity in Lokoja, Nigeria
This study evaluates groundwater potential zones in Lokoja Metropolis, Kogi State, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geospatial techniques. We analyzed Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery, the Digital Elevation Model (SRTM), rainfall data, soil and geological maps, and borehole-yield data. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assess factors influencing groundwater potential, including geology, rainfall, lineament density, drainage density, slope, elevation, soil, and land use/land cover. The results show that Very low potential zones 14.01% (46.65 km²), underlain by amphibole schist, Low potential zones 24.02% (79.97 km²), with granite and charnockite, Moderate potential zones 24.93% (82.96 km²), underlain by migmatite, High potential zones 23.75% (79.06 km²), associated with sandstone and siltstone and Very high potential zones 13.24% (44.06 km²), in areas of undifferentiated alluvium. Findings indicate that geology is the major factor influencing groundwater potential (37% weight), lineament density has a significant influence (18% weight), and land use/land cover has a moderate influence (5% weight). Strong positive correlation of 0.917 between borehole yields and groundwater potential map, with a prediction accuracy of 78%. The study findings can inform decision-making for sustainable groundwater management in Lokoja Metropolis. The study recommends that the government provide alternative water sources in areas identified as having very low or low potential to alleviate water scarcity. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing and geospatial techniques in assessing groundwater potential zones. The results can be used to optimize groundwater exploration and management in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babatunde Ibrahim, Benedine Akpu, Umar Shuaibu Kenchi, Toyin Samuel John (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of Sustainable Practices in the Hospitality Industry in Kaduna, Metropolis, Nigeria
This research sought to investigate sustainable practices in the hospitality industry in the Kaduna metropolis. The specific objectives included an assessment of the level of awareness and implementation of sustainable practices in the hospitality industry in the Kaduna metropolis and an assessment of the perceived benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of sustainable practices. This research was guided by the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theory, which was developed by John Elkington in 1994. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data obtained from a structured questionnaire using purposive sampling. The results revealed that although hospitality businesses in Kaduna Metropolis have started implementing green practices, the level of implementation is still considered moderate. It was established that hotels that implement green practices are likely to increase customer satisfaction, improve their reputation, and increase profitability because of cost reduction. Although green practices in hospitality businesses in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, were identified as a challenge because of high investment costs, a lack of customer awareness, and inadequate skills, the study established that green practices enhance profitability in the long term, thereby improving competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the government should consider offering financial incentives, such as grants, soft loans, and tax relief, to hotels that implement green practices, such as energy-saving equipment, water-saving devices, and solar power, to reduce the high cost of implementation, which was identified as a challenge in implementing green practices in the hospitality industry in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of the Impact of Security Challenges and Recreationist Perceptions in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Recreational activities play a crucial role in promoting physical, social, and psychological well-being, but insecurity can significantly limit public engagement in leisure spaces. This study examined the relationship between security challenges and recreationists’ perceptions in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified the major security challenges affecting Kaduna Metropolis and examined the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of recreationists regarding insecurity. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 354 respondents using structured questionnaires administered across major recreational centers. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results revealed a statistically significant difference across the five security groups, with an F-value of 3.45 and a p-value of 0.009, indicating that recreational development varies depending on the type of security challenge experienced. Post-hoc analysis further showed that respondents exposed to theft reported higher levels of recreational development compared to those experiencing more severe threats, such as armed robbery, banditry, and kidnapping. Also, One-Way ANOVA examining recreationists’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions produced an F-value of 13.72 and a p-value of 0.000, confirming that differences in awareness and attitudes significantly influence recreational choices. These findings suggest that insecurity in Kaduna Metropolis poses significant challenges to recreational activities, consistent with the Risk Perception Theory, which explains behavioral changes among residents and visitors. Perceptions of risk associated with theft and armed robbery influence decisions to avoid public spaces and reduce engagement in leisure activities. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the government, in collaboration with security agencies, intensify efforts to address the root causes of insecurity, including unemployment and poverty, while enhancing surveillance, rapid response mechanisms, and community policing initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustapha Muhammad Sani, Joseph David Ariko, Yahya Saleh Ibrahim, Bashariya Baba Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Post-Flood Recovery and Adaptive Livelihood Strategies Among Vulnerable Households in Makurdi and Guma LGAs of Benue State, Nigeria
Recurring flooding in the Benue Valley continues to undermine the socio-economic stability of riparian communities, yet the sustainability of household recovery strategies remains insufficiently understood. This study examined post-flood recovery and adaptive livelihood strategies among households in flood-prone areas of Makurdi and Guma Local Government Areas, Benue State, Nigeria. A quantitative approach was adopted, using structured questionnaires administered to 396 households. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Findings indicate that flooding is a recurrent and severe phenomenon in the study area, with 55.1% of respondents experiencing displacement three or more times within a decade. Key impacts included structural damage to housing (36.0%), loss of stored crops and seeds (30.6%), and widespread loss of primary income sources (66.2%). Recovery efforts were largely self-financed, with 44.9% relying on borrowing and 62.1% still in debt. Institutional support was limited, as 71.2% of households received no government assistance, while 98.0% had no insurance coverage. Households adopted various coping mechanisms, including livelihood diversification (45.0%) and complete shifts in income sources (24.0%), reflecting adaptive responses to persistent flood risk. However, 63.9% of respondents reported that the strategies were temporary and unsustainable. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between occupation and location (χ² = 200.7, p < 0.001) and between survival strategies and location (χ² = 209.7, p < 0.001). Rural households relied more on farming and distress-based coping strategies, while urban households exhibited more diversified and financially oriented responses. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that enhance long-term livelihood recovery and resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasi'u Yalwa Rilwanu, Bello Gambo, Ikyapa Tertese Peter (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Road Construction Delays on Public Well-Being in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Transportation is a fundamental pillar of national development, yet in Nigeria, road projects are frequently hindered by construction delays caused by funding issues, poor management, and unexpected site conditions. This study assesses the multifaceted impact of these delays on public well-being in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, focusing on the period between 2020 and 2025. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey design and a sample of 384 respondents, the research investigates economic consequences, psychological effects, accessibility to services, and environmental health risks. The findings derived from regression analysis reveal that road construction delays are a powerful predictor of public well-being, with an R2 of 0.771, explaining approximately 77.1% of the variability in well-being ($F = 333.027; p = 0.000$). Specifically, the study finds that delays increase transportation costs, reduce business productivity, and restrict access to essential services like healthcare and education. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to construction zones leads to physical health risks such as respiratory conditions (asthma and bronchitis) and psychological distress, including anxiety, fatigue, and mental strain. The study concludes that there is a significant gap in urban governance and stakeholder management, recommending stricter oversight, environmental mitigation strategies like water sprinkling, and the implementation of inclusive participatory planning to protect public health and well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Sani Ahmad, Mairo Muhammed, Ishiaku Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Transport Accessibility Challenges to Owu Waterfalls Tourist Site in Kwara State, Nigeria
This study investigates the transportation accessibility challenges to Owu Waterfalls, a prominent tourist destination in Kwara State, Nigeria. Specifically, it analyzes transport-related challenges and evaluates how the availability and quality of transportation infrastructure affect tourist inflow. A quantitative survey-based approach was employed, administering structured questionnaires to 200 respondents selected through incidental sampling, with supplementary interview data used for instrument validation and triangulation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. Results show that transport-related variables collectively explain 80% of the variance in tourist inflow (Adjusted R² = 0.800), though other factors not captured in the model may also contribute, given sample size constraints and the cross-sectional nature of the data. Findings showed a positive influence of road quality (β =0.421, p < 0.05), transport accessibility (β = 0.345, p < 0.05), availability of public transport (β = 0.287, p < .05) as well as the negative effects of distance from urban centers (β = −0.75). Qualitative responses from community leaders confirmed that poor road conditions and limited public transport options are the primary deterrents The study concludes that challenges facing tourist inflow to Owu Waterfalls are primarily rooted in impeded transportation accessibility, poor road quality, and limited public transport availability. To address these challenges, the study recommends upgrading road networks leading to the site, introducing affordable shuttle services, and promoting public–private partnerships in transport provision. Beyond Owu Waterfalls, the findings and recommendations offer broader insights for enhancing accessibility at other rural tourist destinations in Nigeria and across Africa, where similar infrastructural and transport-related barriers constrain tourism development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Olumuyiwa Tolulope Ogundele, Isah Alhaji Ibrahim, Akintola Kabir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Determinants of Transport Mode Preference and Climate Vulnerability inZaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study examines how socio-demographic factors influence transport mode preference andvulnerability to climate change impacts among transport operators, regulators, and commuters inZaria Metropolis, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 400 respondents sampledfrom a population of 1,335,703 using a purposive and convenience sampling approaches acrossselected neighbourhoods (9 wards) and 311 valid responses returned for analysis. Table, percentageand cross-tabulation were employed to examine relationships between socio-demographiccharacteristics (age, gender and income) and transport mode choice, while Chi-square tests wereused to determine statistical associations. Findings reveal significant relationships between age andtransport mode preference (χ² = 18.74, df = 6, p = 0.02), showing that younger respondents (18–30years) predominantly use tricycles and motorcycles, whereas higher age and income groups revealincreased preference for private cars. Income was also strongly associated with transport mode, withlow-income earners relying more on informal and cost-effective modes at (χ² = 21.13, df = 6, p =0.001). Furthermore, a significant association was found between gender and climate changevulnerability perception (χ² = 16.28, df = 2, p = 0.004), with females reporting higher perceivedvulnerability levels compared to males. The results reveal the importance of socio-economicdeterminants in shaping mobility behaviour and risk perception, emphasizing the need for inclusiveand income-sensitive urban transport policies in Zaria Metropolis. The study recommends policyinterventions should focus on inclusive planning, gender-sensitive transport strategies, andinfrastructure adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulkadir Yahaya Muhammed, Abubakar Yakubu, Aminu Abdulhadi Dabo, Abdullahi Sule Tanko, Haliru Sagir Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Waste Management Practices as Catalyst for Climate Change Mitigation and Environmental Sustainability
In today’s world, humans are exploiting Mother Earth to the fullest. It is necessary to foster awareness and infuse environmental consciousness amongst citizens. One of the simplest ways to achieve this is through imparting the knowledge of waste management practices. As climate change intensifies, waste management has emerged as a critical frontline in the battle against environmental degradation. Effective waste management practices have become a beacon of hope for mitigating climate change and promoting environmental sustainability. Harnessing the potential of waste reduction, recycling, and waste-to-energy technologies will significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable environmental development. This paper, therefore, explores waste management practices as a catalyst for climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability. It cited that Climate change is indeed a menace ravaging the world, and that effective waste management practices are critical for mitigating the impacts associated with climate change to ensure environmental sustainability and balance the needs of humanity. The paper adopted a deductive approach, drawing on qualitative data from relevant existing reports on waste management, climate change, and environmental ethics. The paper thus recommended, among others, that Nigerians should be enlightened on proper waste disposal and other achievable practices to mitigate the impacts of climate change; necessary segregation techniques should be implemented to separate waste at source, collection, and the process of recycling, and communities should set up composting facilities to manage organic and other forms of waste as to promote sustainable environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Udochukwu Okoro, Saleh Danjuma Auwalu, Matthew Omoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Climate Change on Ecological Values of Geo-morphosites and Geo-heritage Resources in Some Part of Northeastern Nigeria
This study assessed ecological impacts of climate change on some geo-morphosites and geo-heritage resources in Northeastern Nigeria. M-GAM was conducted with 50 respondents in each of the six states of the region which makes a total of 300 participants. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and In-depth interviews was conducted with the special peoples such as: Head of Tourism Centers, Conservators of National Parks, Traditional leaders etc. The study revealed that climate change exerted significant impacts on geo-morphosite and geo-heritage resources with heavy rainfall and high temperature as the major causes. The ecological stress could be seen in biodiversity loss and change/loss of habitat and no effort to restore climate change effect on them. The study concludes that climate change has brought severe and far-reaching effects to the ecological values of the resources in the region as seen from loss of biodiversity, species migration & extinction, habitat loss and poor productivity. The study recommended that state ministry of environment & climate change and state tourism centres should enforce laws against excessive exploitation of ecological diversity of geo-morphosites and geo-heritage resources to avoid migration and/or extinction of ecological species living in the sites. Local communities should also be encourage for geo-conservation effort toward ecological values of geo-morphosites and geo-heritage resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminu Ado Kaugama Kaugama, Maharazu Alhaji Yusuf, Mallam I., Umar Saleh Anka, Muhammad Yunusa Adam, Ibrahim Muhammad, Usama Ahmad Salisu, Hussaini Ibrahim Danturawa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Displacement to Adaptation: Livelihood Dynamics and Agricultural Land Access Among Internally Displaced Persons in The Lake Chad Basin
Forced displacement is one of the most pressing humanitarian and development challenges globally, particularly in conflict-affected regions such as the Lake Chad Basin. This study examined the dynamics of livelihood transformation and agricultural land access among IDPs in Yobe State, Nigeria. It focused on understanding how displacement reshaped agrarian livelihoods and adaptive strategies in host communities. It employed mixed-methods research design, multistage sampling technique and descriptive statistical analysis. The findings revealed that pre-displacement livelihoods were overwhelmingly agrarian, with crop farming (49.4%) and livestock rearing (17.3%) as the dominant. However, displacement significantly disrupted these land-dependent livelihoods, leading to a marked shift toward precarious survival activities such as petty trading (26.9%) and casual labour (23.0%). Only 14.6% of respondents remained actively engaged in farming after displacement, reflecting widespread loss of productive assets and limited access to cultivable land. Although 59.5% have land access in host communities, most arrangements were insecure, temporary or mediated through rental, borrowing or host-allocated systems. Inadequate land size, poor soil fertility, long distances to farms and persistent insecurity further constrained agricultural reintegration. Consequently, food and income security declined significantly, reinforcing economic vulnerability and dependence on humanitarian assistance. The study concluded that IDPs’ livelihood restoration requires prioritization of land access, strengthened tenure security, climate-resilient agricultural support and livelihood diversification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haruna Suna Maje, Mohammed Mala Daura, Babagana Boso, Usman Adamu, Mohammed Baba-Adamu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agricultural Land Access and Livelihood Recovery among Internally Displaced Persons in Yobe State, Nigeria: Evidence from Correlation and Logistic Regression Analysis
Forced displacement has profoundly disrupted agrarian livelihoods across conflict-affected regions of the Lake Chad Basin, particularly in northeastern Nigeria. This study examined the relationship between agricultural land access and livelihood recovery among IDPs in Yobe State. Using a mixed-methods approach grounded primarily in quantitative analysis, the study employed correlation analysis and logistic regression modelling to identify the determinants of livelihood improvement among displaced farming households. The findings revealed that agricultural land access is a critical determinant of livelihood recovery. Correlation results indicated strong positive relationships between land access and livelihood improvement (r = 0.68), income enhancement (r = 0.71), and food security (r = 0.64), demonstrating that access to productive land significantly enhances economic stability among displaced populations. Logistic regression results further confirmed that land access is the strongest predictor of livelihood improvement (β = 1.94, p < 0.001), with IDPs possessing farmland nearly seven times more likely to experience improved livelihoods. Additional determinants included land adequacy, tenure security, safety of farmland access, and livelihood diversification, while distance to farmland and structural barriers such as insecurity, discrimination, and lack of rights significantly hindered recovery. Despite these dynamics, limited livelihood support and widespread land insecurity continue to constrain sustainable economic reintegration among displaced households. The study concluded that restoring equitable and secure access to agricultural land is fundamental for rebuilding livelihoods, improving food security, and enhancing resilience among IDPs in Yobe State.
GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Landform Classification for Sustainable Land Use Planning in Makurdi, Gboko, and Katsina-Ala Areas of Benue State, Nigeria
Understanding landform distribution is essential for sustainable land-use planning and environmental management, particularly in regions with diverse terrain such as Benue State, Nigeria. Despite the importance of terrain information for agriculture, settlement development, and environmental conservation, quantitative landform classification in many parts of the state remains limited. This study aims to classify and analyse the major landforms of Makurdi, Gboko, and Katsina-Ala areas of Benue State and examine their implications for sustainable land-use planning. A GIS-based Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) approach was employed using secondary spatial datasets, including a 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM), satellite imagery, geological maps, soil data, and hydrographic information. Terrain parameters such as slope, elevation, curvature, drainage density, and land cover were derived and integrated through weighted overlay analysis in a GIS environment to produce a landform classification map. The analysis identified four dominant landform types: plains, hills, valleys, and plateaus. Plains constitute the most extensive landform, covering approximately 52% of the study area, mainly in Makurdi and parts of Gboko. Hills account for about 23%, plateaus approximately 10%, while valleys associated with the Benue River and its tributaries represent about 15% and exhibit high drainage density and susceptibility to seasonal flooding. The study highlights the need for land-use planning strategies that align with landform characteristics. Plains should be prioritized for agriculture, while hills and plateaus are more suitable for controlled development and conservation practices. Valley areas require careful management due to flood risks, including improved drainage planning and restrictions on settlement expansion in vulnerable zones.
Copyright (c) 2026 Callistus Terungwa Upa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
We Gain, They Gain: Remittances as Transnational Economic Assets Among Migrants from Nigeria's Neighbours
Nigeria is widely recognized as the largest recipient of remittances; its parallel role as a remittance-sending hub for migrants from neighboring countries remains underexplored. This study examines livelihoods, remittance composition, and patterns among migrants from Niger, Chad, and Cameroon residing in Nigeria. Using purposive snowball sampling, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 63 participants. Findings reveal diversified and gendered livelihood strategies: men largely engaged in masonry, water vending, farming, tea brewing, and baking, while women dominated restaurants, hair braiding, henna application, waxing, and selling perfumes and aphrodisiacs. Remittances were predominantly cash, complemented by secondhand clothing, foodstuffs, furniture, and gold. Cash primarily supported household upkeep, education, and healthcare. Furniture and gold were for dowries and social obligations. Despite shocks associated with fuel subsidy removal, migrants demonstrated resilience through diversification and strategic remittance timing. The findings highlight remittances’ dual role in immediate survival and long-term capital accumulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Nuhu, Dr. Maryam Liman, Halima Liman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Climate Change Perception and Awareness among Students of Kaduna State University, Nigeria
The need for this study was prompted by the activities of the program “Keep KASU Green”. The program encourages the planting of trees on Campus with the intention to create a micro-climate to mitigate the effect of heat on campus. Climate Change Awareness is crucial to promoting sustainable behavior and mitigation strategies. Therefore, the study assessed Climate Change Awareness among Students of Kaduna State University (KASU). In particular, the study assessed students' level of awareness, Sources of Information about climate change, their perception of the Causes, and Mitigation Strategies. Based on the consideration of students’ availability at the time of research, a sample size of 200 was purposively determined. Accordingly, simple random sampling was used to administer 200 questionnaires among 400-100 level Students from different Departments and 197 questionnaires were successfully recovered. Descriptive statistics were used in assessing and presenting the findings. The result indicates that about 87.8% of the respondents affirmed that they have basic knowledge of Climate Change, against about 9% who did not have such knowledge. Findings also revealed that a significant level of knowledge of Climate Change amongst Students was obtained mostly from social media (about 38%) and television (about 25%). The students have a fair knowledge of the causes of climate change, including an act of God (31%), human actions (22%), and carbon dioxide emissions (20%). It was determined that the students adequately understood across all levels of the students. However, there is a need to improve the scope of knowledge of Climate Change among the students and people in the immediate environment. Thus, the study recommends the need to integrate climate change education across all academic disciplines, encourage faith and cultural leaders in climate change literacy, and establish a climate change club in KASU.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananias Nkom Sankey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatiotemporal Variations in Housing Rental Values and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Tenants in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Housing is recognized worldwide as a necessity of life and a prerequisite for human survival. This study examined spatiotemporal variation in housing rental values to identify the socio-economic characteristics of tenants in Birnin Kebbi. The study adopted the use of mixed method approach. Data for this study were obtained via the administration of a structured questionnaire to respondents from 9 areas/clusters (Selected purposively) within the metropolis where massive renting is common. Respondents for the study were selected via cluster sampling, in which the population is divided into clusters and a random sample of these clusters is drawn. A total of 322 respondents were selected through the methods above. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, content analysis, and inferential statistics, with frequency distribution tables. Chi-square tests indicate that occupation is statistically significantly associated with rent across all rental categories (p < 0.01), suggesting that tenants’ occupation significantly influences the amount they pay in rent. Educational level was found to be statistically significant only within the ₦50,000–₦100,000 rent bracket (p = 0.005), but not in higher rental categories (p > 0.05). It demonstrated that property managers should provide clients with professional advice on the appropriate rent for a particular property, drawing on their expertise. Also, the spatiotemporal variability of rental values significantly increased to more than 200% within the period of 34years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Muhammad Shera, A. Balarabe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potential Effects of Minimum Temperature Trend on Local Crop Production in Ijebu-Ode, Southwest Nigeria
Climate change presents a severe threat to agricultural productivity and rural stability in Nigeria, where the economy is heavily agrarian. This study specifically investigates minimum temperature trends in Ijebu-Ode from 1989 to 2018 to evaluate local environmental shifts, potential impacts on crop production, and the need for adaptation strategies. The study used data collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency Ijebu-Ode station and applied Innovation Trend Analysis (ITA) and the Anomaly approach to identify trends in annual minimum temperature and to detect anomalies, both of which are crucial for analysing hydrometeorological data. The results revealed a statistically significant, monotonic increase in minimum temperatures (warming trend) over 30 years, implying a consistent upward and uninterrupted trend where the majority of data points lie above the 1:1(450) diagonal line. Minimum temperatures have risen steadily since 1989, reaching their highest levels between 2004 and 2018, indicating a long-term structural shift in local climate. Heatwaves (positive anomalies) were identified from February to May and in November, while colder spells (negative anomalies) occurred during December-January and June-October (monthly anomaly). This pattern points to a substantial and sustained increase in minimum temperatures, which could be indicative of ongoing climate change impacts in Ijebu-Ode. The observed warming, especially during the dry season, poses a potential direct risk to crop yields. These temperature shifts will continue to disrupt traditional growing seasons and subject crops to chronic heat and moisture stress. To mitigate these effects, this underscores an urgent need for policymakers to design and implement planned adaptation strategies to reduce potential risk. Such measures are critical to enhancing the adaptive capacity and resilience of local inhabitants while safeguarding local crop production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adebowale Onaopemipo Adeuja, Aiyewunmi Temitope, Baloye Oluwabunmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Public-Private Partnership in The Provision of Mass Housing in Kaduna Metropolis
The increase in the demand for affordable and quality houses in Kaduna Metropolis has contributed to a lot of challenges and problems faced by both civil servants and the general public. Affordable housing units are needed for thousands of citizens in Kaduna's metropolis. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) contribute greatly to the actualization of the dream of many residents in the study area. PPP plays a significant role in reducing slum creation and urban decay through sustainable urban growth. This study, therefore, aimed at assessing the government’s role in providing houses for the residents of the State. The study purposively selected government agencies and development agencies that are saddled with the responsibility of providing affordable and quality housing within Kaduna State. Data for the research were obtained through a structured open-ended questionnaire, Key informant interview (KII), and field observations. The findings reveal that the Kaduna State government is partnering with private developers to provide affordable and quality housing for the state's inhabitants. The study concludes that PPP is the easiest and most affordable means of owning a house in Kaduna Metropolis and recommends that the government should further encourage developers by creating a conducive environment for these investors to create more housing infrastructure for the state's ever-growing population.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Climate on Maize Yield in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the impact of climate variability on maize production using 30 years-1994-2023-of meteorological and agricultural data in Chikun Local Government Area. The analysis of the trend was done using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, while the influence of climatic variables on maize output was analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results showed that the increase in minimum temperature was statistically significant at Sen's slope ≈ +0.025°C per year (Mann-Kendall p = 0.016); the maximum temperature showed a slight increase that was not significant, with a Sen's slope ≈ +0.024°C per year (p = 0.511). There was a modest upward trend in annual rainfall of about +6.0 mm per year, though it was statistically insignificant at p = 0.026. Maize production had increased strongly and significantly, with a Sen's slope ≈ of +2,768 tonnes per year (Mann-Kendall p < 0.0001), though the year-to-year variability remained high, with a CV of about 31%. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall together explained about 21.5% of the variation in maize production, as indicated by the regression model with an Adjusted R² of 0.125. The partial effects were positive for minimum temperature-β = +28,241, p = 0.070, and rainfall-β = +32.97, p = 0.112, but negative for maximum temperature-β = -9,374.54, p = 0.261. However, these estimates were not statistically significant. This study concludes that climate factors influence maize production in Chikun but account for only a modest share of the variability, indicating the role of non-climatic factors. It is recommended that there is a need to strengthen climate-smart practices, improve access to inputs, and enhance agricultural extension services.
Variations of Indigenous Adaptation Methods to Climate Change in Gombe State, Nigeria
Certain indigenous adaptation strategies were not yielding good results in some locations and others were given more priority. The study assessed the variation in the practices of indigenous adaptation strategies to climate change within the three (3) Political Zones of the state. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary data were sourced from questionnaire administration, while secondary data (list of registered farmers) was source from the Gombe State Agricultural Development Program to select respondents for the study. About 384 respondents were sampled for the study. Descriptive statistics and Weighted Average Index (WAI) were used to analyse the data. The result revealed that about (64%) were within the ages of 40-49. The majority of them were married (64.3%). Most of the respondents (77.6) had one form of formal education, while (22.4%) had no formal education. The majority (83.3%) were aware of climate change, and only (29.2%) had an extension visit. Planting in between ridges (shuka a lambatu), keeping of more livestock than before, and use of indigenous seed were ranked first in Gombe South (GS), Gombe Central (GC), and Gombe North (GN), respectively. Cultivation of more plots now than before, use of indigenous weather forecasting, and practicing more irrigation than in past decades were ranked fourth in GS, GC, and GN, respectively. The study concludes that there is variation in the practices of the indigenous adaptation method by political zones. The study recommends that local adaptation strategies should be improved by the inhabitants of each zone.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusuf Bello, Micheal Daniel Balami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Trends and Variability of Rainfall and Temperature in Lapai LGA, Niger State, Nigeria
Climate variability continues to impact the livelihoods of rural communities, especially families that rely on rainfed agriculture. This study examined the trends and variability of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures in Lapai, Niger State. Monthly rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature time series (January 1990–December 2025) were obtained from NASA Power covering 36 years. The study used the Coefficient of Variation (CV), Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI), Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, Seasonal Mann–Kendall test, and Pettitt tests to analyze the data. The study revealed annual rainfall had moderate variability (CV=26.7%), while maximum and minimum temperatures had low variability with 6.13% and 10.8%, respectively. The MMK revealed a significantly declining trend in annual rainfall (Z = −2.49, p < 0.05) with a Sen’s slope of −10.35 mm year⁻¹, while maximum and minimum temperatures revealed significantly increasing trends, increasing by 0.11°C and 0.05°C annually, respectively. The Seasonal MK also revealed significantly decreasing rainfall and an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures. The Pettitt’s test revealed significant changepoints in rainfall in 1998, maximum temperature in 1997, and minimum temperature in 2002. Results of the SAI revealed an increased frequency of negative anomalies of annual rainfall, indicating intense drying in the area. The study concludes that the findings suggest emerging warming-drying spells in Lapai LGA, which can have negative implications for rain-fed agriculture, water resources, and climate adaptation planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamzat Aliyu, Mohammed Abdulkadir, Ahmed Ibn Usman, Maryam Ijah Mohammed, Ndaji Mohammed, Mohammed Mayaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geospatial Assessment of the Distribution and Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities in Kaduna South Local Government Area
This study conducted a geospatial assessment of the distribution, accessibility, and functionality of healthcare facilities in Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The objectives were to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of healthcare facilities, determine their categories and ownership, and assess accessibility across different wards. Data were obtained from the Kaduna State Ministry of Health and the Kaduna South LGA Health Department, while facility coordinates were captured using a handheld GPS device. Descriptive statistics, Average Nearest Neighbor analysis, and an Origin-Destination Cost Matrix were employed to analyze distribution characteristics, spatial patterns, and travel-time accessibility, respectively. The findings revealed a spatially uneven and inequitable distribution of healthcare facilities, with a concentration in central wards such as Tudun Wada and Barnawa and a scarcity in peripheral areas such as Badiko and Unguwan Sanusi. Although the Average Nearest Neighbor ratio (NNR=0.99, p=0.93) indicated a statistically random pattern, the observed clustering in urban centers created underserved “healthcare deserts” at the periphery. The healthcare system is dominated by primary (52.0%) and secondary (46.7%) facilities, with only one tertiary facility (1.3%), and a near-equal distribution between private (52%) and public (48%) ownership, highlighting a heavy reliance on the private sector. Accessibility analysis revealed significant travel-time disparities, with central wards having rapid access (0.15 minutes) and peripheral wards such as Badiko experiencing the longest travel times (2.6 minutes). The study concludes that healthcare distribution in Kaduna South LGA is spatially imbalanced, structurally limited at higher levels of care, and inequitable in terms of accessibility. It recommends establishing new facilities in underserved wards, upgrading existing healthcare infrastructure, regulating private healthcare services, and improving transport networks to enhance equitable access to healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habiba Ibrahim Mohammed, Stella Hauwa Aliyu, Sidikatu Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Economics Analysis and Determinants of Profitability of Catfish Farming in Kaduna North Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study provides an economic analysis of the cost structure and how it influences the profitability of catfish farming in Kaduna North Local Government Area. The research specifically examines the determinants of profitability, but lays emphasis on the composition and behavior of production costs, categorizing them into fixed and variable costs, and ultimately tries to ascertain their effect on overall profitability. To this end, this study assessed the economics of catfish farming in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 60 table-sized catfish farmers were randomly selected from the list of Agricultural Development Program (ADP) contact fish farmers in the study area and interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, and a multiple regression model were employed in analyzing the data. Results revealed that table-sized catfish farmers were at most 40 years old (55.0%), male (70.0%), married (68.3%), had between 5-9 years of experience in catfish farming (58.3%), with no access to farm credit (61.7%). The cost of feeds per kg of table-sized catfish was estimated at N238.39, while the seed fingerling cost N6.56, constituting 80.6% and 2.2% of the total cost per kg of catfish produced. The labour cost per kg of the fish was N10.2, constituting 3.4% of the total cost per kg of the fish. The profitability statistics, including Rate of Return on Investment (RRI) and Profitability Index (PI), were estimated at 35.1% and 26%. The regression analysis shows that the estimated F-value of 16.578 was significant at 1% level, with an R2 estimated at 0.565, indicating both the fitness of the models and data captured, which all indicated that table-sized catfish farming is profitable in the study area. It is recommended that catfish farmers in the study area pay special attention to the cost of feeds, as it could be critical to the profitability of the fish farming enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Swanta Duniya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Urban Sprawl in Millennium City Kaduna: A Multi-Temporal Change Detection Analysis
The rapid expansion of urban areas, particularly in developing regions, presents significant challenges for sustainable development and resource management. In the context of the Millennium City of Kaduna State, the dynamics of urban sprawl have become a focal point due to its burgeoning population and economic activities. This paper presents a comprehensive multi-temporal change detection analysis aimed at assessing the extent and patterns of urban sprawl in Kaduna State. Utilizing remotely sensed imagery spanning multiple years, specifically the moderate resolution Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 of 1989, 2002, 2011, and 2022 respectively, were combined with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and advanced machine learning algorithms. The spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion were analyzed. The methodology encompasses the extraction and classification of land cover changes, focusing on key indicators of urban sprawl such as changes in built-up areas, vegetation loss, and infrastructure development. Results from an interactive supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) in ArcGIS 10.2 and subsequent change detection analysis indicated a significant distortion in the planned areas of the city. The result shows a progressive increase in built-up areas of the Kaduna Millennium City and environs from 1989 to 2022. Built-up areas slightly decreased from 2.4527% in 1989 to 1.6322% in 2002 and showed a slight increase to 1.6322% in 2011. However, the built-up areas surged to 13.612% in 2022, which is attributable to the sudden expansion of development in the government's new layouts, with attendant haphazard development and proliferation of unplanned and illegal settlements, particularly around the buffer zones of the old city. There were also varying changes in other land cover classes including vegetation, water bodies, and open spaces. The findings provide valuable insights into the rate, direction, and drivers of urban sprawl in Millennium City, facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable urban planning, environmental conservation, and socio-economic development initiatives. This research contributes to the broader discourse on urbanization dynamics in rapidly growing cities, emphasizing the importance of employing remote sensing, GIS technologies, and machine learning algorithms for effective urban sprawl assessment and management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asmau Abdu Gambo, Asmau Mukhtar Ahmed, Aliyu Jaafar Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Dry Season Ground Level Vehicular Air Pollution in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria
Vehicular emissions are one primary contributor to air pollution, especially in the dry season, when environmental conditions favour the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Thus, commuters and inhabitants along roadways are vulnerable to respiratory irritation, coughing, asthma, and long-term exposure, which can result in chronic respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study assessed ground-level vehicular air pollution during the dry season in Minna metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. The Testo 350XL gas analyser was used to measure NOx and CO levels, and a 5-in-1 multifunction laser sensor, the BRV8 detector, was used to analyse the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. Additionally, a geographic positioning system (GPS) device was used to pinpoint the locations of the sampled intersections and roundabouts. A total of 45 junctions and roundabouts were sampled for their air quality conditions. The results revealed that the PM10 concentrations significantly exceeded the PM2.5 concentrations across the various locations, with Minna-Bida Road and Eastern Bypass having the highest PM10 concentrations at 560.2 μg/m³ and 495 μg/m³, respectively, thereby exceeding the WHO standard of 150 μg/m³. Notably, the Gurara Junction recorded the highest PM2.5 (621 μg/m³) and PM10 (773 μg/m³) concentrations, surpassing the WHO limits of 75 μg/m3 and 150 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, COx had the highest occurrence at Mechanic Road, with a value of 2.064 mg/m3, followed by Chanchaga-Mekunkele Road, with a value of 1.836 mg/m3, which falls below the 30 mg/m3 WHO standard. NOx concentrations were relatively low across the assessed locations, ranging from 0.738 mg/m3 to 0.250 mg/m3, which were below the 0.5 mg/m³ for the one-hour exposure guideline set by the WHO. This study has, among other goals, recommended the promotion of green infrastructure, such as planting trees and increasing green spaces around these roads, junctions, and roundabouts, to help absorb pollutants and improve air quality in Minna metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. .
Copyright (c) 2025 Peace Nwaerema, Usman Ibn Ahmad, Sale Bawa, Barnabas Ayuba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0