The Kaduna Journal of Geography (KJG) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international online journal published by the Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies, Kaduna State University. The journal is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in Geography and Environmental Sciences, with a strong emphasis on advancing knowledge across related scientific disciplines. KJG (ISSN: 2636-5308 / eISSN: 3121-6463) publishes original research articles, ensuring the highest standards of academic integrity. All submissions are subjected to plagiarism screening, and only manuscripts with a similarity index of 20% or less will be considered for review. For detailed information on manuscript format, article processing, and publication fees, please visit https://kadunajournalofgeography.org/index.php/kjg/about/submissions
Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies
Climate Change Perception and Awareness among Students of Kaduna State University, Nigeria
The need for this study was prompted by the activities of the program “Keep KASU Green”. The program encourages the planting of trees on Campus with the intention to create a micro-climate to mitigate the effect of heat on campus. Climate Change Awareness is crucial to promoting sustainable behavior and mitigation strategies. Therefore, the study assessed Climate Change Awareness among Students of Kaduna State University (KASU). In particular, the study assessed students' level of awareness, Sources of Information about climate change, their perception of the Causes, and Mitigation Strategies. Based on the consideration of students’ availability at the time of research, a sample size of 200 was purposively determined. Accordingly, simple random sampling was used to administer 200 questionnaires among 400-100 level Students from different Departments and 197 questionnaires were successfully recovered. Descriptive statistics were used in assessing and presenting the findings. The result indicates that about 87.8% of the respondents affirmed that they have basic knowledge of Climate Change, against about 9% who did not have such knowledge. Findings also revealed that a significant level of knowledge of Climate Change amongst Students was obtained mostly from social media (about 38%) and television (about 25%). The students have a fair knowledge of the causes of climate change, including an act of God (31%), human actions (22%), and carbon dioxide emissions (20%). It was determined that the students adequately understood across all levels of the students. However, there is a need to improve the scope of knowledge of Climate Change among the students and people in the immediate environment. Thus, the study recommends the need to integrate climate change education across all academic disciplines, encourage faith and cultural leaders in climate change literacy, and establish a climate change club in KASU.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananias Nkom Sankey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatiotemporal Variations in Housing Rental Values and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Tenants in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Housing is recognized worldwide as a necessity of life and a prerequisite for human survival. This study examined spatiotemporal variation in housing rental values to identify the socio-economic characteristics of tenants in Birnin Kebbi. The study adopted the use of mixed method approach. Data for this study were obtained via the administration of a structured questionnaire to respondents from 9 areas/clusters (Selected purposively) within the metropolis where massive renting is common. Respondents for the study were selected via cluster sampling, in which the population is divided into clusters and a random sample of these clusters is drawn. A total of 322 respondents were selected through the methods above. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, content analysis, and inferential statistics, with frequency distribution tables. Chi-square tests indicate that occupation is statistically significantly associated with rent across all rental categories (p < 0.01), suggesting that tenants’ occupation significantly influences the amount they pay in rent. Educational level was found to be statistically significant only within the ₦50,000–₦100,000 rent bracket (p = 0.005), but not in higher rental categories (p > 0.05). It demonstrated that property managers should provide clients with professional advice on the appropriate rent for a particular property, drawing on their expertise. Also, the spatiotemporal variability of rental values significantly increased to more than 200% within the period of 34years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Muhammad Shera, A. Balarabe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Public-Private Partnership in The Provision of Mass Housing in Kaduna Metropolis
The increase in the demand for affordable and quality houses in Kaduna Metropolis has contributed to a lot of challenges and problems faced by both civil servants and the general public. Affordable housing units are needed for thousands of citizens in Kaduna's metropolis. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) contribute greatly to the actualization of the dream of many residents in the study area. PPP plays a significant role in reducing slum creation and urban decay through sustainable urban growth. This study, therefore, aimed at assessing the government’s role in providing houses for the residents of the State. The study purposively selected government agencies and development agencies that are saddled with the responsibility of providing affordable and quality housing within Kaduna State. Data for the research were obtained through a structured open-ended questionnaire, Key informant interview (KII), and field observations. The findings reveal that the Kaduna State government is partnering with private developers to provide affordable and quality housing for the state's inhabitants. The study concludes that PPP is the easiest and most affordable means of owning a house in Kaduna Metropolis and recommends that the government should further encourage developers by creating a conducive environment for these investors to create more housing infrastructure for the state's ever-growing population.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Climate on Maize Yield in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the impact of climate variability on maize production using 30 years-1994-2023-of meteorological and agricultural data in Chikun Local Government Area. The analysis of the trend was done using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, while the influence of climatic variables on maize output was analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results showed that the increase in minimum temperature was statistically significant at Sen's slope ≈ +0.025°C per year (Mann-Kendall p = 0.016); the maximum temperature showed a slight increase that was not significant, with a Sen's slope ≈ +0.024°C per year (p = 0.511). There was a modest upward trend in annual rainfall of about +6.0 mm per year, though it was statistically insignificant at p = 0.026. Maize production had increased strongly and significantly, with a Sen's slope ≈ of +2,768 tonnes per year (Mann-Kendall p < 0.0001), though the year-to-year variability remained high, with a CV of about 31%. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall together explained about 21.5% of the variation in maize production, as indicated by the regression model with an Adjusted R² of 0.125. The partial effects were positive for minimum temperature-β = +28,241, p = 0.070, and rainfall-β = +32.97, p = 0.112, but negative for maximum temperature-β = -9,374.54, p = 0.261. However, these estimates were not statistically significant. This study concludes that climate factors influence maize production in Chikun but account for only a modest share of the variability, indicating the role of non-climatic factors. It is recommended that there is a need to strengthen climate-smart practices, improve access to inputs, and enhance agricultural extension services.
Variations of Indigenous Adaptation Methods to Climate Change in Gombe State, Nigeria
Certain indigenous adaptation strategies were not yielding good results in some locations and others were given more priority. The study assessed the variation in the practices of indigenous adaptation strategies to climate change within the three (3) Political Zones of the state. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary data were sourced from questionnaire administration, while secondary data (list of registered farmers) was source from the Gombe State Agricultural Development Program to select respondents for the study. About 384 respondents were sampled for the study. Descriptive statistics and Weighted Average Index (WAI) were used to analyse the data. The result revealed that about (64%) were within the ages of 40-49. The majority of them were married (64.3%). Most of the respondents (77.6) had one form of formal education, while (22.4%) had no formal education. The majority (83.3%) were aware of climate change, and only (29.2%) had an extension visit. Planting in between ridges (shuka a lambatu), keeping of more livestock than before, and use of indigenous seed were ranked first in Gombe South (GS), Gombe Central (GC), and Gombe North (GN), respectively. Cultivation of more plots now than before, use of indigenous weather forecasting, and practicing more irrigation than in past decades were ranked fourth in GS, GC, and GN, respectively. The study concludes that there is variation in the practices of the indigenous adaptation method by political zones. The study recommends that local adaptation strategies should be improved by the inhabitants of each zone.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusuf Bello, Micheal Daniel Balami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Trends and Variability of Rainfall and Temperature in Lapai LGA, Niger State, Nigeria
Climate variability continues to impact the livelihoods of rural communities, especially families that rely on rainfed agriculture. This study examined the trends and variability of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures in Lapai, Niger State. Monthly rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature time series (January 1990–December 2025) were obtained from NASA Power covering 36 years. The study used the Coefficient of Variation (CV), Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI), Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, Seasonal Mann–Kendall test, and Pettitt tests to analyze the data. The study revealed annual rainfall had moderate variability (CV=26.7%), while maximum and minimum temperatures had low variability with 6.13% and 10.8%, respectively. The MMK revealed a significantly declining trend in annual rainfall (Z = −2.49, p < 0.05) with a Sen’s slope of −10.35 mm year⁻¹, while maximum and minimum temperatures revealed significantly increasing trends, increasing by 0.11°C and 0.05°C annually, respectively. The Seasonal MK also revealed significantly decreasing rainfall and an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures. The Pettitt’s test revealed significant changepoints in rainfall in 1998, maximum temperature in 1997, and minimum temperature in 2002. Results of the SAI revealed an increased frequency of negative anomalies of annual rainfall, indicating intense drying in the area. The study concludes that the findings suggest emerging warming-drying spells in Lapai LGA, which can have negative implications for rain-fed agriculture, water resources, and climate adaptation planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamzat Aliyu, Mohammed Abdulkadir, Ahmed Ibn Usman, Maryam Ijah Mohammed, Ndaji Mohammed, Mohammed Mayaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geospatial Assessment of the Distribution and Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities in Kaduna South Local Government Area
This study conducted a geospatial assessment of the distribution, accessibility, and functionality of healthcare facilities in Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The objectives were to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of healthcare facilities, determine their categories and ownership, and assess accessibility across different wards. Data were obtained from the Kaduna State Ministry of Health and the Kaduna South LGA Health Department, while facility coordinates were captured using a handheld GPS device. Descriptive statistics, Average Nearest Neighbor analysis, and an Origin-Destination Cost Matrix were employed to analyze distribution characteristics, spatial patterns, and travel-time accessibility, respectively. The findings revealed a spatially uneven and inequitable distribution of healthcare facilities, with a concentration in central wards such as Tudun Wada and Barnawa and a scarcity in peripheral areas such as Badiko and Unguwan Sanusi. Although the Average Nearest Neighbor ratio (NNR=0.99, p=0.93) indicated a statistically random pattern, the observed clustering in urban centers created underserved “healthcare deserts” at the periphery. The healthcare system is dominated by primary (52.0%) and secondary (46.7%) facilities, with only one tertiary facility (1.3%), and a near-equal distribution between private (52%) and public (48%) ownership, highlighting a heavy reliance on the private sector. Accessibility analysis revealed significant travel-time disparities, with central wards having rapid access (0.15 minutes) and peripheral wards such as Badiko experiencing the longest travel times (2.6 minutes). The study concludes that healthcare distribution in Kaduna South LGA is spatially imbalanced, structurally limited at higher levels of care, and inequitable in terms of accessibility. It recommends establishing new facilities in underserved wards, upgrading existing healthcare infrastructure, regulating private healthcare services, and improving transport networks to enhance equitable access to healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habiba Ibrahim Mohammed, Stella Hauwa Aliyu, Sidikatu Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Urban Sprawl in Millennium City Kaduna: A Multi-Temporal Change Detection Analysis
The rapid expansion of urban areas, particularly in developing regions, presents significant challenges for sustainable development and resource management. In the context of the Millennium City of Kaduna State, the dynamics of urban sprawl have become a focal point due to its burgeoning population and economic activities. This paper presents a comprehensive multi-temporal change detection analysis aimed at assessing the extent and patterns of urban sprawl in Kaduna State. Utilizing remotely sensed imagery spanning multiple years, specifically the moderate resolution Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 of 1989, 2002, 2011, and 2022 respectively, were combined with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and advanced machine learning algorithms. The spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion were analyzed. The methodology encompasses the extraction and classification of land cover changes, focusing on key indicators of urban sprawl such as changes in built-up areas, vegetation loss, and infrastructure development. Results from an interactive supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) in ArcGIS 10.2 and subsequent change detection analysis indicated a significant distortion in the planned areas of the city. The result shows a progressive increase in built-up areas of the Kaduna Millennium City and environs from 1989 to 2022. Built-up areas slightly decreased from 2.4527% in 1989 to 1.6322% in 2002 and showed a slight increase to 1.6322% in 2011. However, the built-up areas surged to 13.612% in 2022, which is attributable to the sudden expansion of development in the government's new layouts, with attendant haphazard development and proliferation of unplanned and illegal settlements, particularly around the buffer zones of the old city. There were also varying changes in other land cover classes including vegetation, water bodies, and open spaces. The findings provide valuable insights into the rate, direction, and drivers of urban sprawl in Millennium City, facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable urban planning, environmental conservation, and socio-economic development initiatives. This research contributes to the broader discourse on urbanization dynamics in rapidly growing cities, emphasizing the importance of employing remote sensing, GIS technologies, and machine learning algorithms for effective urban sprawl assessment and management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asmau Abdu Gambo, Asmau Mukhtar Ahmed, Aliyu Jaafar Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Dry Season Ground Level Vehicular Air Pollution in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria
Vehicular emissions are one primary contributor to air pollution, especially in the dry season, when environmental conditions favour the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Thus, commuters and inhabitants along roadways are vulnerable to respiratory irritation, coughing, asthma, and long-term exposure, which can result in chronic respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study assessed ground-level vehicular air pollution during the dry season in Minna metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. The Testo 350XL gas analyser was used to measure NOx and CO levels, and a 5-in-1 multifunction laser sensor, the BRV8 detector, was used to analyse the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. Additionally, a geographic positioning system (GPS) device was used to pinpoint the locations of the sampled intersections and roundabouts. A total of 45 junctions and roundabouts were sampled for their air quality conditions. The results revealed that the PM10 concentrations significantly exceeded the PM2.5 concentrations across the various locations, with Minna-Bida Road and Eastern Bypass having the highest PM10 concentrations at 560.2 μg/m³ and 495 μg/m³, respectively, thereby exceeding the WHO standard of 150 μg/m³. Notably, the Gurara Junction recorded the highest PM2.5 (621 μg/m³) and PM10 (773 μg/m³) concentrations, surpassing the WHO limits of 75 μg/m3 and 150 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, COx had the highest occurrence at Mechanic Road, with a value of 2.064 mg/m3, followed by Chanchaga-Mekunkele Road, with a value of 1.836 mg/m3, which falls below the 30 mg/m3 WHO standard. NOx concentrations were relatively low across the assessed locations, ranging from 0.738 mg/m3 to 0.250 mg/m3, which were below the 0.5 mg/m³ for the one-hour exposure guideline set by the WHO. This study has, among other goals, recommended the promotion of green infrastructure, such as planting trees and increasing green spaces around these roads, junctions, and roundabouts, to help absorb pollutants and improve air quality in Minna metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. .
Environmental Management and Sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Peace Nwaerema, Usman Ibn Ahmad, Sale Bawa, Barnabas Ayuba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Change and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Fragmentation and Habitat Quality in Kaduna Millennium City, Nigeria
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are recognized as significant drivers of ecosystem transformation, often resulting in profound modifications of ecosystem services. Kaduna Millennium City, like other rapidly urbanizing regions, is experiencing dynamic shifts in land utilization that threaten environmental sustainability and community well-being. This research proposes to detect, analyze, and assess the implications of LULC changes on ecosystem services using geospatial and field survey techniques. The study used multitemporal Landsat images from 2004 to 2024. The images were classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm in ArcGIS Pro 2.5. Ecosystem fragmentation was carried out using Fragstats 4.3, while Habitat Quality was assessed using the InVEST habitat quality model. The results revealed notable urban expansion, with built-up areas, bare lands, and water bodies increasing by 14.73 km², 9.99 km², and 0.02 km², respectively, while grassland and vegetation declined by 18.95 km² and 5.79 km². Fragmentation analysis showed increased patch and edge densities alongside decreases in contagion, aggregation, and Shannon diversity indices, indicating heightened ecosystem fragmentation. Habitat quality assessments between 2004 and 2024 revealed substantial degradation: areas with poor habitat quality expanded by 24.64 km², while those with excellent habitat quality shrank by 24.82 km². The study highlights the ecological consequences of rapid urbanization and provides insights for sustainable urban and environmental planning. The study concludes that the structural shift disrupts ecological equilibrium, potentially harming biodiversity and the supply of key ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, air purification, and water management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Madinatu Ahmad, Abubakar Aliyu, Asmau Mukhtar Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nurses-Midwives Knowledge and Attitude towards Babies Sleeping Positions and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), in Kaduna, Nigeria
This study's aim and objectives were to assess the knowledge, attitudes towards babies' back and crib/bassinette sleeping positions, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Nigeria. A descriptive design was used to survey the sampled population among nurses and midwives at Shehu Kangiwa and Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study used a questionnaire as its data-collection instrument. The questionnaires were structured using the five Likert scale. SPSS version 15 was used to analyze the results. The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods, including the Nominal Group Technique (NGT), to obtain the desired results. A sample of 250 respondents was selected among the nurses and midwives in the study area. The results of the study show Back to sleep is represented with, P=000., ≤ .005, Crib or Bassinette to sleep is represented with, p= .000 ≤ .005., the best bedding environment or location to avoid or reduce SIDS is, p= .000 ≤ .005, habituated supine to sleep for babies will support risks including SIDS, with, p= .000 ≤ .005 and finally, the research p= .009 ≤ .005, also shows that habituated sleep to the side (right or left) does not promotes risks of SIDS. The NGT results also supported the quantitative outcome, with clear practice pointing to skin-skin, combined supine with skin-skin, side, and back-to-sleep. The study recommends more awareness of the importance of babies' sleeping positions at all times. Further studies on the influence of culture, environment, and religion on infant bedding safety. Conclusion: side-to-sleep, back-to-sleep, and supine/skin-to-skin are the dominant infant bedding approaches in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yahya Saleh Ibrahim, Mohammed Umar, Sagir Musa Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Institutionalization of Sustainable Practices in the Hospitality Industry: Evidence from the Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
The hospitality industry is a sector that employs a significant population in the country; however, it continues to face challenges regarding the health and safety of employees due to poor working conditions, inadequate waste management, and a lack of protective equipment. This study, therefore, assessed the institutionalization of sustainable practices in the hospitality industry in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Data were obtained from 349 staff and key informant interviews with managers across hotels, restaurants, and guesthouses. The study revealed that 63.9% of the staff believed that their establishments had clearly defined sustainability policies, and 61.6% believed that sustainable practices were monitored. The study revealed the widespread adoption of practices such as waste segregation and recycling, water-efficient fixtures, transition to clean energy (solar panels, LED lighting), energy conservation tools, and regular safety training. The interviews with managers revealed challenges such as the high cost of implementing green technologies, staff behavioral resistance to new sustainable practices, and inadequate recycling infrastructure. The study concludes that the integration of sustainable practices is essential for long-term industry viability, which is in line with global frameworks such as the UN SDGs and the occupational health policies of Nigeria. The study therefore recommends targeted training, policy incentives for renewable adoption, and further comparative research to scale effective interventions.
Tourism, Recreation, and Cultural Landscapes
Copyright (c) 2025 Asiyatu Ibrahim, Hindatu Abdulkadir, Saadatu Umaru Baba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geospatial Assessment of Electricity Transformer Distribution in Parts of Rigasa, Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State
This paper analyzed the spatial distribution of electricity transformers in Taro-Taro, Makera, and Hayin Dangaladima Rigasa, Igabi L.G.A. QGIS 3.18 software was used for data processing and analysis. The geographic locations of transformers were acquired using GPS and displayed in the QGIS environment, appearing as a point layer on the map, with the transformer attribute tables displayed. In view of this study, nineteen electric transformers in Taro-Taro and Makera/Hayin Dangaladima were examined. The pattern of distribution of electric transformers in the Taro-Taro and Makera/Hayin Dangaladima is dispersed. The facilities in the electric transformers were also examined, where the 500KVA transformer has the highest number, while the 200KVA, which is only one, has the least number in terms of capacity. Five electric transformers with ten years of service have the highest with 26.32%, and four electric transformers each with one year, two years, eight years, and 12 years of service have the lowest with 5.26%. This study reveals the ability of GIS and remote sensing techniques to capture and acquire spatiotemporal data for analyzing the distribution of electricity transformers. Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company should, as a matter of urgency, come to the aid of this community to improve and increase the number of transformers that require replacement and those that require upgrading.
Assessment of Best Practices of Urban and Peri-Urban Irrigation Agriculture in Rigasa, Kaduna Metropolis: An Integrated Nominal Group Technique Approach (NGT)
The study assessed the best practices of urban and peri-urban irrigation agriculture in Rigasa, Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria using an Integrated Nominal Group Technique Approach. The study used Focus Group Discussion, Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and interviews to collect data. Random sampling technique was applied in selecting the respondents for the FGD, while purposive sampling was adopted to select those to participate in the NGT interaction due to its conditions that the person must know how to read and write. The study was designed to assess the demographic, irrigation agricultural healthy practices and socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, (level of income increase, ownership of cultivated land, as well as acquisition of the means of transport and house ownership by the farmers). The data was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test and NGT. The results confirmed that promoting best practice of irrigation agriculture has many health benefits to the farmers and the consumers in different dimensions, the result clearly shows farmers preference for mixed organic and chemical fertilizer. It also shows that water used for the irrigation is perceived to be contaminated by chemical fertilizer, pesticides and domestic wastes dump into the flowing water used by the farmers. The farmers recorded some financial successes such as increase in their income, acquisition of farm lands through purchase, ability to own personal means of mobility, pay health services and knowledge of best practices among others. The study recommends that improving healthy irrigation agricultural best practiceswill ensure more economic and health benefits for both farmers, and communities who consume the products
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Domestic Water Sources in Saminaka Area, Lere Local Government, Kaduna State
The study assessed domestic water sources in Saminaka, Lere Local Government Area, Kaduna State.. A total of 124 copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents through random sampling and analyzed using simple percentages and mean score values. The study found that 63 respondents representing 63% agreed that there is a poor water source in the study area. It also revealed that there is a poor water management in the study area as agreed by 52% of the respondents. The study revealed that the main water source in the study area is borehole with 37%, well 27% water, tap water and stream water with 19% and 11% respectively. The study analysed the challenges of water supply in the study area, using an average mean score value of (3.00) to rank the significance of the items, the study revealed that; large population affects water supply in the study area with a significant mean score value of 5.00. The paper recommends that there should be awareness programme by government and non-profitable organizations on water management, its supply and utilization in the study area. Government should release funds for water projects so as to curtail water scarcity in the study area and expanding the scope of domestic water supply to adjoining rural areas along Saminaka, Lere Local Government, and Kaduna State.
Impact of Humidity on Tomato Production in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
The study analysed the impact of humidity on tomato production in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The study examined the impact of climate change on some climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall and sunlight but majorly humidity on tomato production. Ahypothesis was formulated to determine whether a significant relationship exists between tomato production and change in humidity. Primary data was collected directly from the tomato farmers in the study area through the use of structured questionnaires while secondary data in the form of weather data was obtained from Geography Department, Federal College of Education, Zaria for a period of 10 years (2008 to 2018).The data collected were analysed using percentages and the one-sample t-test. The results revealed that there has been a reduction in the relative humidity in the study area, there has also been an increase in temperature and rainfall resulting to the reduction of tomato production. In contrast, the result revealed that there has been an increase in sunlight intensity leading to increase in the tomato production. Hence, it is concluded that there exists a significant relationship between humidity and the production of tomato.
Assessment of Charcoal Value-Chain in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
Charcoal production has been perceived to be harmful to the environment, however, the industry is important in meeting household energy needs, in employment creation and provision of household income. This study assessed the value-chain of charcoal industry with a view to providing relevant information for good policy direction in both energy and environmental sector. The research employed snowball sampling techniques to reach charcoal retailers, transporters, wholesalers and producers. Semi-structured and key informant Interviews were conducted with the charcoal retailers and transporters and forestry department respectively, while Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with the charcoal wholesalers and producers. Analysis was done based analysis, using constant comparison and micro interlocutor analysis. The result shows that, many people are employed in different phases of production and supply chain, and additional employment was created. The study also reveals that the majority of the charcoal used in Jos metropolis comes from Bauchi and Plateau states. The finding also shows that, stakeholders neglecting charcoal activities result to lack of programmes and strategies that regulate charcoal production. The level at which charcoal is produced and brought to Jos metropolis is of great concern, putting the present forest resources of the production areas at risk of extinction. In order to protect the forest resources from being depleted by charcoal producing communities, the study recommends, improving living standards of people, provision of sufficient forest management, forest investment, supervision and control practices by stakeholders to reduce the level of trees falling by charcoal activities in charcoal producing communities.
Copyright (c) 2021 Bara’u Yakubu Usman, Ibrahim Baba Yakubu, Lawal Sani Usman, Shehu Zakari Damau, Aminu Abdulhadi Dabo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of The Impacts of Environmental Degradation and Its Socio-Economic Implications in Kaduna Metropolis
This paper examines environmental degradation and its consequential implications leading to myriad of socio-economic repercussions including; communal strife, conflicts, religious clashes and other social and economic vices leading to insecurity of lives and property within the metropolitan area. The study employed qualitative methods of data collection which includes interviews with relevant respondents to generate data from key informants. The data generated from the field through qualitative means were used to answer the established research questions. Findings from the study reveals that environmental degradation can damage the physical base of states to a sufficient extent, as to threaten their social institutions and society at large and this constitute an important government approach in the pursuit of peace and national development. It concludes that securing the integrity of our environment is fundamental to the pursuit of security and development especially in the context of the recent security challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state.
An Analysis of Public Health Paradigms and Their Implication for Healthcare Policy
The aim of this paper is to examine the conceptual divisions which characterise the public health discourse andthe ramifications in operationalizing the concepts of space and place in public health practice. These postulations have stimulated a growing discourse on spatial and non-health sector aspects (determinants) of health and their impact on the different components of public health interventions and health outcomes. Through an analysis of evidence, this paper draws attention to one of the contentious divisions that has characterised the public health discourse and practice for some decades now. This is the contention between the developmental and biomedical paradigms. The biomedical paradigm is characterised by risk and individualization over context, and the development paradigm is characterised by vulnerability and gives priority to participation and context. While both paradigms directly relate to how health and public health are conceptualized in knowledge, they both also have significant influence and in ways that have direct consequences in practice on the following: the policy responses to the health problem, public health interventions and spatial disparities in health. This paper contends that the developmental paradigm and its articulation of a broad spectrum understanding of public health issues - from studying the dynamics of people in places to placing illness and disease within a wider-context provides the most useful framework for operationalizing the spatial aspects of health goegraphies.
The Effects of Roadside Friction on the Performance of Roads in Africa and South East Asia – A Review
This paper is a review on the connection between socioeconomic activities and road networks. An important aspect of this is roadside friction which is simply defined as interaction of different activities on road carriageways and by the roadsides. It includes pedestrians crossing roads, pedestrians passing by the roadsides, on street parking of cars or buses, movement of slow moving vehicles like bicycle or non-motorized moving vehicles and commercialisation of the roadsides through hawking. This problem is more pronounced in the developing countries of Africa and South East Asia. The review evaluates the empirical studies on the effects of roadside friction on flow of vehicular traffic and road Loss Of Service (LOS) in the South East Asian countries of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Indonesia. In Africa, Nigeria, Rwanda and Ghana were visited. The review revealed that vehicular speed is reduced, capacity and performance of road is reduced and pedestrians are disturbed whenever side frictional factors manifest. Some suggestions on the way forward are also presented.
Land Suitability Evaluation for Soils of Rabah Floodplain, Sokoto State Using GIS Based Technology for Irrigated Rice Production
In the face of a growing human population, there is decline in rice yield in the Sokoto floodplains reportedly due to soil fertility disturbance. For sustainable livelihoods and food security, information on land quality of the area is of importance. Thus, land suitability assessment was conducted in this study. A fixed grid pattern was set out to cover the site, and using a hand-held GPS receiver, auger observations were made at every 100m interval, following which soil boundary were demarcated. For each soil identified, two standard profiles were sunk to 2m (except where impenetrable layer or water table was encountered) and studied. Soil samples were collected from each genetic horizon, bagged and taken to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Soil properties were interpolated within the ArcGIS 10.2.2 software using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique. About 84% of the area has nutrient availability index (NAI) of S1 and S2, due largely to suspected fertilizer application. Areas of high NAI (S1) are those largely of high suitability (S1) in the input nutrients in the order of K>N>P>Zn. Soil Quality Index (SQI) is largely of medium to low quality as most of the factors are largely characterised by S2 and S3 ratings. Percentage coverage of suitability is in the order of: S2 (44.70%) > S3 (31%) > S1 (24.30%). The area is more endowed in NAI than in SQI, and therefore of moderate suitability for rice production. Thus, farmers should adopt measures that can improve soil texture, soil water retention andboost soil organic matter.
Geospatial Analysis of The Relationship Between Land Use/Land Cover and Surface Water Quality in Southern Yobe, Nigeria
Surface water quality in semi-arid regions is increasingly threatened by land use and land cover (LULC) changes, yet limited integrated assessments exist in Southern Yobe, Nigeria. This study examined the influence of LULC patterns on surface water quality using a geospatial-statistical approach. Satellite imagery from USGS was processed in ArcGIS version 10.0 for supervised classification into agricultural land, bare surfaces, vegetation, built-up areas, and water bodies. Thiessen polygon interpolation was applied to delineate zones of influence, while water samples were collected across Fune, Fika, and Nangere LGAs and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) following APHA (2017) standards. Correlation and regression analyses in SPSS 26 established relationships between LULC types and water quality parameters. Results revealed agricultural land and bare surfaces as dominant covers, significantly elevating EC, TN and temperature through nutrient enrichment and sedimentation. Conversely, vegetation cover revealed strong buffering capacity, reducing and EC, while built-up areas showed emerging but limited impacts on water quality. Chloride, COD, and TP exhibited weak or no significant associations with LULC under current conditions. The findings highlight agriculture and soil exposure as key drivers of water degradation, while vegetation acts as a critical stabilizer. The study recommends adopting sustainable farming practices, afforestation, erosion control, urban runoff management, and integrated land-water governance. Continuous monitoring of nutrient and sediment-related parameters is essential. The study concludes that water quality sustainability in Southern Yobe depends on proactive land management aligned with catchment protection strategies.
Land, Water, Quality, Agriculture, Vegetation, Yobe.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Abubakar Audu, Usman Adamu, Nura Garba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Financial Institutions in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, using GIS and Nearest Neighbor Analysis
This study examines the spatial distribution and locational patterns of financial institutions within Kaduna Metropolis, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies to analyze the distribution of commercial banks, development banks, and microfinance banks. A total of 75 commercial banks, 6 development banks, and 24 microfinance banks were identified and mapped within the metropolis. A preliminary field survey employed handheld GPS devices to accurately record the geographic coordinates of these institutions. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis method was used to determine the spatial pattern of their locations, revealing a predominantly clustered distribution with a Nearest Neighbor Index (Rn) of 0.400059 and a Z-score of -15.269540, indicating significant clustering. The analysis showed that commercial banks are mainly concentrated along major roads and commercial centers such as Waff Road, Jos Road, and Ahmadu Bello Way, primarily serving the central business district and high-traffic socio-economic zones. Microfinance banks are dispersed across residential neighborhoods and along major thoroughfares, reflecting their focus on serving small-scale enterprises and low-income households. Development banks, fewer in number, tend to be located along key roads and institutional areas, providing specialized financial services. The findings highlight the strategic placement of financial institutions in accessible, economically active zones that support retail, corporate, and high-order financial activities. However, notable gaps exist in peri-urban and underserved residential areas where financial services are sparse. To address these disparities and improve financial inclusion, the study recommends expanding the physical presence of financial institutions into underserved neighborhoods using GIS-informed site selection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Beluchukwu Enukora, Bolanle Joel Ajibuah, Afeez Olansile Fatai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geospatial Analysis of Healthcare Facilities Distribution and Accessibility in Igabi LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria
The study analysed the spatial distribution of healthcare facilities in Igabi LGA of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Coordinates of healthcare facilities were obtained using a handheld GPS, while facility attributes were obtained from the Kaduna State Ministry of Health and the Igabi LGA Health Department. Data was analysed using the Average Nearest Neighbor Analysis and Kernel Density Estimation. The results revealed a clustered spatial distribution (ratio = 0.64, z-score = -7.77, p = 0.00). The KDE revealed that the highest density was observed in the Rigasa ward, with 17 facilities (13.6%), spreading to Rigachikun, Kwarau, and Zangon Aya, mainly due to proximity to the Kaduna metropolis, high population density, and ease of road access. However, Afaka, Birnin Yero, Sabon Birni, and Igabi showed a low density of healthcare facilities. Primary facilities accounted for the majority, with Primary Health Centers at 47.2% and Primary Health Clinics at 32.0%. Facilities were mostly publicly owned, with Local Government accounting for 52.0% and State PHCDA for 28.0%, while the private sector accounted for only 2.4%. The results reveal spatial inequities that affect equitable access to and universal coverage of SDG 3. The study recommends establishing new healthcare facilities in underserved areas of the northern and western parts of the LGA, and continuing the use of GIS for evidence-based planning in Igabi LGA and the state.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulazeez Abubakar, Rayyan, M. Tanim, Ibrahim Samaila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tourist Perceptions of Environmental and Infrastructural Barriers to Urban Leisure in Kaduna Metropolis Hotels
The sustainability and growth of tourism development in Kaduna metropolis are hindered by continued environmental degradation, inadequate infrastructure, and climate-related constraints. This study assessed the major environmental and infrastructural determinants influencing sustainable tourism development in the Kaduna metropolis, with an emphasis on identifying key factors that shape tourists’ satisfaction and destination resilience. A structured questionnaire was utilized to collect primary data from 385 respondents at seven purposively selected tourism destinations, including Bafra Hotel, Hotel Seventeen, Zee Cool Hotel, Jay Hilton Hotel, Green Apple Hotel, Top Galaxy Hotel, and Fifth Chukker Polo. A total of 366 valid questionnaires were recovered and used for data analysis. The data were analysed via descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and logistic regression with SPSS version 26 to examine the effects of the environmental and infrastructural variables on tourism sustainability. The results from the ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated a significant association between flooding, deforestation, waste disposal problems, and poor maintenance of the tourism site, with higher chances of disruption of tourism services (p < 0.05). Three main components were extracted via principal component analysis (PCA): environmental quality, infrastructural adequacy, and safety accessibility, which explained 76% of the total variance. The study revealed that without environmental integrity, especially alongside infrastructural development in the Kaduna metropolis, there is no sustainable tourism development in the area. This suggests improved cooperation between government agencies, private investors, and local communities to support green practices, reinforce infrastructure, and enable policy implementation for sustainable tourism growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bashariya Baba Mustapha, Umma Mohammed El-Rufai, Habiba Ibrahim Mohammed, Hannatu Abdullahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perception of Forms and Causes of Domestic Violence Against Women in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Domestic violence is a longstanding issue in Nigeria, often perceived as a normal part of life and not considered a matter deserving of public health attention as it is today. This study explored perceptions of the forms and causes of domestic violence against women in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. Data were collected through a survey, and questionnaires were administered to 382 respondents. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that 45.5% of respondents perceived wife beating as the most common form of domestic violence, driven by cultural and socioeconomic factors, lack of education, and gender inequality. About 82.1% of respondents were aware of the frequency of domestic violence in the area. The study found that domestic violence often results from deep-seated cultural practices that encourage male dominance, coupled with economic challenges and limited access to education. The consequences are far-reaching, affecting not only victims but also their families and communities. The study concludes that low-income family relationships, illiteracy, poor economic status, and substance abuse contribute to domestic violence. It recommends establishing Guidance and Counselling centers to educate and counsel partners on peaceful coexistence. Additionally, community-based initiatives are needed to address the cultural and socioeconomic factors driving domestic violence and to promote gender equality and women's empowerment. By addressing these underlying issues, it is possible to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence and create a safer, more equitable society for all.
Copyright (c) 2025 Helen Musa, Bala Dogo, Hauwau Evelyn Yusuf, Saadatu Umaru Baba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geographic Access Barriers and Student Healthcare Needs at Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan-Waya, Nigeria
Geographic accessibility is a fundamental constraint to healthcare delivery in rural–tertiary interfaces. Framed by the Okanagan Charter’s call to embed health into campus operations, this study evaluates student healthcare needs and spatial barriers at the Kaduna State College of Education (KSCOE), Gidan-Waya. Using a descriptive survey of 357 students via multi-stage sampling, findings reveal a profound "utilization–need gap": while 73% of students report unaddressed conditions, primarily surgical/gastrointestinal issues (52%, including appendicitis, hernias, and ulcers), malaria (29%), and visual impairments (25%), clinic utilization stands at a marginal 9%. Spatial analysis confirms a "spatial trap"; students face an 18km isolation from secondary healthcare, while a population surge in Gidan-Waya Ward (from 35,200 in 2006 to over 61,000 in 2024) "crowds out" student access to limited primary resources. The study concludes that the current "Sick Bay" model is spatially exclusionary and clinically obsolete, rendering students "structurally invisible." To align with the Healthy Universities framework, the study recommends an urgent upgrade of the facility to secondary-level status, institutionalized semester-based outreach, and formal "town-gown" partnerships to mitigate these inequities.
Distance–Decay; Medical Outreach; Public Tertiary Institutions; Rural–Urban Interface; Spatial Analysis; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. P. D. Averik, Dr. I. Amos, D. V. Martins, R. U. Danjuma, J. M. Bature, A. Y. Tabat, A. Madaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Spatial Growth of Dutsin-Ma Town, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria
Urban growth and expansion are among the most significant phenomena to study globally. This study examines the urban sprawl of Dutsin-Ma town, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 2020. Three satellite images (Landsat ETM 1990, ETM+ 2010, and NigeriaSat-X 2020) provide data for analysts. Supervised image classification via the maximum likelihood algorithm was applied to the three images. Five land use classes were identified: built-up areas, vegetation, bare surfaces, rock-out crops, and water bodies. The results from the image data from the three different dates, that is, the 1990, 2010, and 2020 images, were merged as inputs to produce one image of the change detection results. Post-classification analysis was used to quantify the changes that took place during the study period. The findings revealed that there was a significant increase in built-up areas from 6.7 km2 to 7.8 km2 and 10.8 km2 in 1990, 2010, and 2020, respectively. This represents a difference of 1.1 km2 from 1990-2010 and 3.0 km2 from 2010 to 2020, which indicates an overall increase of 61.20% in 2020, indicating that the area extent of Dutsin-Ma significantly expanded, leading to a decrease in agricultural land and vegetation within the period of study. The study recommends proper planning, layout, and monitoring of any kind of developmental activity, and environmental policies for resource sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Samaila, Abubakar Abdulazeez, Umar Abdulkadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Geography of Insecurity and Its Effect on Livelihoods in Kurfi Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria
Insecurity in Katsina state, Northwest Nigeria, including banditry, cattle rustling, kidnappings, and communal clashes, poses serious threats to rural livelihoods. This study investigates how the spatial distribution of insecurity incidents in Kurfi LGA, Katsina State, affects household livelihood outcomes. Drawing on mixed methods (household surveys, mapping, and interviews) from 420 households, the research examines income loss, asset depletion, food security, and coping strategies. Findings show that households located within 5 km of insecurity hotspots report on average 32% lower farm output and significantly higher livestock losses, as well as more frequent food shortages. Coping strategies include migration, asset sales, and shifting to non‑farm labour. The study therefore recommends the for spatially targeted interventions such as market access, livestock restocking, and secure transport routes to strengthen resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Future Trend and Variability of Extreme Climate Indices in Kano State, Nigeria (2024-2099)
Human-induced climate change has affected the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events globally, leading to widespread adverse impacts. This study examined the future (2024-2099) trend and variability of climate indices in Kano State, Nigeria, using CanESM5 Global Climate Model (GCM) of CMIP6. The GCM was downscaled using SDSM software and a future (2024-2099) scenario was generated. Power Transformation (PT) and Distribution Mapping (DM) were applied to minimize bias in the generated scenario. RClimdex (1) was used to compute extremes, while Modified Mann-Kendall and Coefficient of Variation were employed to calculate trends and variability of their extremes, respectively. Results show that there will be a significant increase in nighttime cooling, but daytime temperatures show a signal of both warming and cooling in the future. Also, a significant increase in maximum temperature and a decrease in minimum temperature are expected in the future. Generally, temperature indices showed low variability except for TX10p, TX90p, TN10p, and TN90p which showed moderate variability. The analysis of extreme rainfall indices indicates a future decrease in the intensity of extreme rainfall, as well as variations in the frequency of extreme rainfall indices. Rainfall indices showed moderate variability, except for R95p and R99p, which showed high variability. There is a need to raise awareness among local communities and stakeholders about the impacts of changing climate extremes. There is also a need to establish comprehensive climate monitoring systems in Kano State to continuously collect and analyse data on temperature and rainfall patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Sambo Ahmed, Auwal Farouk Abdussalam, Muhammad Lawal Abubakar, Khalid Ibrahim Richifa, Aliyu Buba, Dahiru Yahaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0