The Kaduna Journal of Geography (KJG) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international online journal published by the Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies, Kaduna State University. The journal is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in Geography and Environmental Sciences, with a strong emphasis on advancing knowledge across related scientific disciplines. KJG (ISSN: 2636-5308 / eISSN: 3121-6463) publishes original research articles, ensuring the highest standards of academic integrity. All submissions are subjected to plagiarism screening, and only manuscripts with a similarity index of 20% or less will be considered for review. For detailed information on manuscript format, article processing, and publication fees, please visit https://kadunajournalofgeography.org/index.php/kjg/about/submissions
Department of Geography and Sustainability Studies
Unsustainable Harvesting Practices and Vulnerability of Medicinal Plants in Nasarawa-Eggon Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Humans have impacted their environment through complex interactions that have shaped their lives and the resources around them. Some of these interactions have resulted in unsustainable practices with serious consequences for both humans and the environment. One such unsustainable practice is the increasing pressure of overreliance on medicinal plant resources driven by cultural beliefs and socio-economic realities. This study evaluated the impacts of conventional methods of harvesting medicinal plants on conservation. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview 178 participants. Data were also collected through focused group discussions and transect plots. Five sampled plots of 20m × 20m (400 m²) for trees and shrubs and 1m × 1m for herbs. The study documented 54 medicinal plants. Results showed 26.04% of roots and whole plants were removed, with 56.25% of assessed species exhibiting moderate-to-high vulnerability. Spearman's correlation analysis between harvesting risks and relative abundance of medicinal plants showed a negative correlation, although not statistically significant (r = -0.398, p = 0.127). Multiple regression analysis showed a positive relationship for medicinal plants used (R = 0.542). The study revealed unsustainable harvesting practices and recommends prevention of possible local extinction through urgent government intervention. Government agencies and traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) should be encouraged through policy formulation to integrate vulnerable species in their farms and gardens. Government should also promote participatory conservation through local community conservation management.
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Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Influence on Kidnapping Incidents in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study analyzes the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) on kidnapping incidents in Igabi Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Kaduna State between 2019 and 2022. Kidnapping is conceptualized as the unlawful seizure, confinement, or abduction of a person, typically for ransom or political leverage. In recent years, Igabi L.G.A. has emerged as a kidnapping hotspot. This necessitates the application of geospatial techniques to assess its environmental dimensions and dynamics by examining how LULC patterns relate to the spatial distribution of abductions. Point data showing the location of incidents for this study were obtained from the Department of State Services (DSS), while satellite data were obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel‑2 for classification, categorization, mapping, and analysis of LULC dynamics. Analysis revealed that 105, 358, 552, and 403 persons were kidnapped in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. This amounts to a total of 1,418 victims over the four years, with approximately 26% fatalities recorded over the study years. Findings also indicated that a higher number of abductions occurred in locations outside built‑up zones, made up of 96% vegetative cover as confirmed by the LULC classification of Igabi L.G.A. The study area consists of extensive open spaces which are largely cultivated, reinforcing the persistence of kidnapping as a major threat to agricultural and socio‑economic activities in Kaduna State. Given the study area’s strategic position as a transportation corridor linking several important cities and towns, the insecurity also poses broader national implications. The study therefore advocates for the systematic integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in further analysis to enhance intelligence gathering, operational planning, and hotspot‑based deployment, thereby improving security effectiveness and mitigating the kidnapping scourge in this volatile region.
Environmental Management and Sustainability
Species Abundance in Savanna Site-Specific Ecotone of Nigeria
In the savanna ecosystems of Nigeria, quantitative data on species abundance, frequency, and density across different ecotone types remain limited. This study assessed species abundance in five site-specific ecotones within the savanna zone of Nigeria. Five site-specific ecotones were identified as: Forest–Savanna Ecotone, Riparian–Upland Ecotone, Agricultural–Mosaic Ecotone, Rocky Outcrop–Savanna Ecotone, and Wetland–Dryland Ecotone, with the aid of a Moving Split Window Technique of 20m × 20m. Five transects of 200m each were established perpendicular to the confirmed ecotones. Three plots 50m × 50m each representing community before ecotone (A), ecotonal community (B), and community after ecotone (C) were established at 10m intervals. Each plot was gridded into 10m × 10m cells (25 grid cells per plot). All plant species were identified and enumerated in each grid cell. Species density and frequency of occurrence were calculated using standard ecological formulas. The results show that, in the Forest–Savanna Ecotone, Nelsonia canescens was most dominant (10 individuals, 28% frequency, 0.40 m²). At the Riparian–Upland Ecotone, Cienfuegosia heteroclada dominated (15 individuals, 40% frequency, 0.60 m²). In the Agricultural–Mosaic Ecotone, Anogeissus leiocarpus was dominant (14 individuals, 40% frequency, 0.56 m²). At the Rocky Outcrop–Savanna Ecotone, Uapaca togoensis recorded the highest abundance (20 individuals, 40% frequency, 0.80 m²). In the Wetland–Dryland Ecotone, Crossopteryx febrifuga was dominant (16 individuals, 28% frequency, 0.64m2). Species dominance in savanna ecotones of Nigeria is highly site-specific, with no single species universally dominant across all transition zones, which is a clear reflection of localized environmental gradients, disturbance regimes, and edaphic conditions.
Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Ecosystem Service Values: A Case Study of Lagos Metropolis, Southern Nigeria
Rapid urban expansion and population growth are accelerating the conversion of natural ecosystems into built-up areas, threatening the ecosystem services that support environmental quality and human well-being. Despite these concerns, quantitative assessments linking land use and land cover (LULC) change to ecosystem service values (ESV) remain limited in Lagos, Nigeria's commercial hub and one of Africa's most populous cities. This study evaluated the impacts of LULC change on ESV in Lagos Metropolis between 1984 and 2025 using multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery. ESV was estimated using the benefit transfer approach with globally established valuation coefficients. The classified LULC maps achieved high overall accuracies of 91% (1984), 92% (2013), and 90% (2025). The results revealed substantial landscape transformation characterized by rapid urban expansion and long-term vegetation loss between 1984 and 2025, despite a modest recovery in forest cover between 2013 and 2025. Built-up areas increased from 16,337 ha in 1984 to 60,018 ha in 2025 (267.3%), while forest and sparse vegetation declined by 60.0% and 63.7%, respectively. Water bodies decreased slightly (6.5%). These changes reduced the total ESV from approximately US$435.57 million in 1984 to US$370.37 million in 2025, representing a net loss of US$65.20 million (14.97%). Water bodies remained the largest contributors to total ecosystem service value, whereas forests experienced the greatest decline in ecosystem service value. These findings demonstrate that accelerated urbanization has altered ecological structure and diminished ecosystem service benefits, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning and ecosystem conservation in Lagos and other rapidly urbanizing African megacities.
Assessment of the Effects of Lithium Exploration Activities on Soil Quality in Agricultural Areas of Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
This study investigates the environmental and socio-economic effects of lithium exploration on agricultural communities in Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, with emphasis on soil quality, water resources, and agricultural productivity. A convergent mixed-methods research design was adopted, integrating household surveys, laboratory analysis of soil samples, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that lithium exploration significantly degraded soil quality by reducing soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and by increasing soil erosion and heavy metal contamination. These environmental changes contributed to declining agricultural productivity, reflected in a 20% reduction in crop yield and a 26.7% decline in average household income among farming households. The study recommends the establishment of pilot soil rehabilitation and environmental monitoring programmes, supported by stronger enforcement of environmental regulations and collaboration among government agencies, mining companies, and host communities to promote sustainable lithium development while protecting agricultural livelihoods.
Public Perception, Awareness, and Spatial Accessibility of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Infrastructure in Abeokuta South, Ogun State, Nigeria
The shift toward cleaner alternative fuels in Nigeria has intensified following recent national reforms and diversification of the energy sector. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is increasingly promoted as a low-cost and environmentally preferable option for both transport and household energy use. Nonetheless, levels of awareness, acceptance, and behavioural response vary across urban contexts, particularly in rapidly expanding areas such as Abeokuta South, Ogun State. This study assessed awareness, perception, accessibility, and adoption of CNG facilities using a cross-sectional survey of 180 respondents, analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Findings indicate a very high awareness level (88.2%; x² = 99.8, p<0.001), a mixed perception of benefits and associated constraints (67.1%; x² = 37.4, p<0.001; x² = 12.8, p<0.001; x² = 1.09, p>0.05; x² = 67.2, p<0.001), but low adoption primarily attributed to high conversion costs (75.3%). Public awareness of existing government policies was also low (36%). The findings further show a linear corridor distribution of facilities, with mother stations situated at the outskirts where industrial land is available, while conversion and refilling locations cluster within high-traffic transport hubs, reflecting a demand-led expansion that improves accessibility, supports mobility, and facilitates the ongoing energy transition. Consequently, policy actions are recommended toward expanding facility networks, strengthening safety communication, and integrating CNG deployment into urban-scale planning for sustainable fuel transitions.
Development of a Sustainable Fish-Farming Value Chain Model for Food Security, Poverty Reduction, and Employment Generation in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
This study investigates the current state, challenges and opportunities of fish farming in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, to develop a sustainable fish-farming value chain model. By using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 300 stakeholders, including fish farmers, traders, processors and policymakers, through structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The findings reveal that a youthful, educated workforce (40% tertiary educated) faces significant barriers: limited credit access (89%), high input costs (80%), and inadequate extension services (70%). Despite these challenges, aquaculture output increased by 237% from 2009 to 2025, with labor productivity increasing by 549%. Regression analysis revealed credit access as the strongest profitability predictor (β=0.45, p=0.001). The study concluded that the sector has demonstrated notable growth driven by technological innovation, with aquaculture output increasing substantially in recent years. This study underscores the critical need for integrated policy support, infrastructure development, capacity building, and environmental management to realize Nigeria’s aquaculture potential. The proposed model aims to enhance food security, reduce poverty, and foster employment, contributing to Kaduna’s socioeconomic development.
Migration Mobility, Tourism Mobility and Development: A Geographical Perspective
The connection between migration mobility and tourism mobility has been a subject of many scholarly discussions in the literature. The two forms of mobility contribute in a significant way to the socio-economic development of many countries. This paper examines the geographical perspective of migration mobility and tourism mobility and their contribution to development. Secondary data sources, involving texts, documents, and internet resources, were analyzed thematically. The paper reviews the related concepts of mobility, tourism, and development. It further analyses the relationship that exists among theories of migration mobility, tourism mobility and development, assesses migration, tourism, and development interconnectedness, prospects and challenges. As a way of conclusion, the paper emphasizes the need for the government’s policies and programmes to be tailored in the direction of assisting in the promotion of development through migration and tourism mobilities.
Tourism, Recreation, and Cultural Landscapes
Neighbourhood Design, Lifestyle Behaviours, and Self-Rated Health: Evidence from Osogbo, Nigeria
Rising urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa has raised concerns about the effect of neighbourhood design on health outcomes. Nonetheless, not much empirical evidence on Nigerian cities exists. This paper thus explored the linkage between neighbourhood design, lifestyle behaviours and self-rated health among residents of Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 328 residents living in core, transition, and suburban residential areas via multistage sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity, dietary patterns, and self-rated health, which was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings showed that walking was the most used form of transport to open spaces (54.5%), yet physical activity engagement was largely irregular, with 57.2% of respondents walking 0-2 days per week. There was moderate availability of neighbourhood open spaces, though major shortcomings were identified in shaded areas (mean score 2.93/5), cleanliness (3.01/5) and public toilets (3.03/5). The results indicate that neighbourhood design has no statistically significant effect on physical activity (r = 0.040, p > 0.05) or dietary behaviour (r = 0.039, p > 0.05). Physical activity, although common, especially walking, was mostly utilitarian, irregular, and of low intensity and not a significant predictor of self-rated health (β = -0.021, p > 0.05). Conversely, dietary behaviour had a significant positive impact on self-rated health (β = 0.171, p < 0.05), with the result showing a nutrition transition marked by high intake of processed and fried foods. The research concludes that lifestyle behaviours among residents in Osogbo are influenced more by socio-economic conditions and food environment than by neighbourhood design. It recommends integrated urban health initiatives that prioritise food environment regulation and the enhanced quality of neighbourhood infrastructure.
Development of a Predictive Framework for Extreme Heat Wave Events in Gombe State, Nigeria
Gombe State is experiencing escalating extreme heat waves that are profoundly affecting agriculture, public health, water resources, and broader socio-economic stability. The region's vulnerability is further intensified by pre-existing environmental challenges, such as desertification and climate change. These growing concerns highlight the urgent need for an in-depth analysis to understand the patterns of extreme heat events and to devise effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. In response to this need, this study focuses on developing a statistical model to investigate the dynamics and consequences of extreme heat waves in Gombe State using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). A dataset of monthly maximum temperatures covering the past decade was obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). Before modeling, the stationarity of the data was confirmed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Subsequently, the dataset was analyzed using both the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) and the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. To ensure a comprehensive assessment, two modeling approaches were employed: the Peaks-over-Threshold (POT) method for the GPD model and the Block Maxima method for the GEV model. The robustness and adequacy of the fitted models were evaluated using several diagnostic tools, including return level plots, probability–probability (P–P) plots, parameter stability plots, mean residual life plots, and quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots. Furthermore, a comparative analysis based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) revealed that the GPD model derived from the POT approach provided a better fit than the GEV model based on the Block Maxima approach. Building on the selected model, return levels were estimated for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100-year return periods. The findings reveal an alarming upward trend in extreme temperatures in Gombe State, suggesting that heat conditions may soon reach intolerable levels. Notably, for the return periods, the temperature is projected to increase from 35.16 °C to 38.33 °C, and up to 43.66 °C for a 100-year return period. This indicates that both the frequency and intensity of extreme heat waves are likely to increase significantly in the near future.
Factors Influencing Housing location choice under Public-Private Partnership approach in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria
Housing is a fundamental human need and a key indicator of social and economic development. In urban cities such as Abuja, Nigeria, housing demand has outpaced supply, prompting the adoption of Public Private Partnership (PPP) schemes to bridge the deficit. Housing location choice refers to the process through which households decide where to live, which may be influenced by socioeconomic and environmental factors. This study advances existing housing location choice research by examining demand-side determinants within the Public Private Partnership (PPP) housing scheme in Abuja, Nigeria, using multivariate techniques. The concern about the quality of life in urban areas has led to an increasing concern amongst policy makers and planners on how to measure variables that influence housing location choice among the residents in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. This study examined the factors influencing housing location choice under the PPP scheme in Abuja. Four hundred (400) households were systematically selected from fourteen PPP housing estates that were purposely selected, with 357 valid questionnaires (89.3%) analyzed. Data were examined using descriptive statistics, mean score ranking, and factor analysis. Mean score revealed that safety and secure environment ranked highest (Mean = 4.24), estate location (Mean = 4.13) while affordability ranked lowest (Mean = 3.22). Factor analysis identified three principal components explaining 60.79% of the total variance: socioeconomic accessibility (36.75%), housing structure and estate attributes (12.81%), and basic amenities and service quality (11.23%). The study concludes that factors influencing housing location choice under PPP schemes in AMAC are multidimensional rather than a single factor. It recommends spatially balanced land allocations and the institutionalization of GIS-based location suitability mapping to enhance equitable, sustainable, and efficient PPP housing development.
Temporal Patterns of Flooding in the Midstream and Downstream Catchments of the River Kaduna Basin, Kaduna, Nigeria
This study examines the temporal patterns of flooding in the midstream and downstream catchments of the River Kaduna Basin, with a view to improving flood risk assessment and management. A mixed-methods approach combined GIS-based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with a household survey of 384 respondents within a 1 km river buffer. Physical factors (rainfall, slope, soil permeability, wetness, NDBI, NDVI, drainage) were weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to generate flood occurrence frequencies and predictions via Monte Carlo simulation. Flooding was strongly clustered (Moran’s I = 0.67, p<0.001). Chikun, Tudun Wada North, and Nassarawa wards constitute a persistent high-risk belt covering 32% of the study area. Time-series decomposition of flood vulnerability over an 18-year period revealed an upward trend, from 0.424115 in 2016 to 0.428838 in 2034. Vulnerability distribution is: Very High 11%, High 20%, Moderate 24%, Low 16%, Very Low 29%. Areas experiencing annual flooding grew from 28% (2016) to 37% (2024), and average flood duration increased from 3.2 to 4.8 days. The most pronounced increase occurred in the Very High vulnerability category, which expanded by 54.9 km2 (10.9%) over the study period. The study recommends risk-sensitive land-use planning, ecosystem-based measures, institutional coordination, and community resilience building.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of The Relationship Between Land Use/Land Cover Changes, Rainfall Variability, and Gully Erosion in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria (1993–2023)
The research analyses the relationship between land use/ land cover, rainfall, and gully-eroded land in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. The study used rainfall and satellite imagery data of 30m resolution between 1993 and 2023 for the Gombe Metropolis. The research employed geospatial techniques to examine the periodic changes in gully eroded land expansion, and the Pearson correlation parametric statistical test was used in analyzing the relationship between land use/ land cover, rainfall, and gully eroded land. The results shows that there was periodic percentage increase in the area covered by gullies in the study area between 1993-1998, 1998-2003, 2008-2013, and 2013-2018 while the highest percentage increase in the extent of gullies was observed between 2008-2013 with 68.4%, followed by 19.3% between 1998-2003 and the least percentage increase in the area covered by gullies was between 1993-1998 with 6.3%. Percentage decrease in the area covered by gullies between 2003-2008 and 2018-2023, with 33.3% and 51.5%. More so, the results of correlation analysis on the relationship between the rate of erosion with rainfall and land use and land cover revealed a negative relationship between urban vegetation and rainfall. Statistically significant relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion. The study recommends that changes in land use planning in Gombe metropolis should be made to address expansion, and drought-resistant plants like Pitadeniastrum africanum (kashe kwari or kafi kansila) can effectively help in gully erosion control.
Assessment of Housing Need and Supply in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
The study attempts to identify the effects of urban growth on housing need and supply in emerging settlements like Lokoja metropolis with respect to the identification of the causes of the upsurge in population, the impact of it on the immediate environment, challenges of residence in terms of housing need and demand, and the solution of this housing challenge faced by both indigenes and other settlers in Lokoja. Data collected from the field were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that the population responds positively and significantly to housing demand in the Lokoja metropolis [β = 1.037; t = 7.641; ρ = 0]. 000 (< 0.01 significant level)]. This suggests that as the housing demand increases, the population increases. Income responds positively and significantly to housing need and supply in Lokoja [β = 0.110; t = 2.927; ρ = 0. 007 (< 0.01 significant level)]. This suggests that as housing demand increases, income increases. The study recommends that government at the state level should embark on massive acquisition and construction of low cost housing units to accommodate the rising demand for the housing by the people, the encouragement of private sector participation in housing delivery, the state government should upgrade and in some places carryout urban renewal schemes to reduce the influx of the people to the fringes of Lokoja and the government’s provision of subsidized building materials to encourage land owners to build standard houses to improve on the housing quality in Lokoja metropolis.
Urban Agriculture Waste Management Practices and Community Environmental Perceptions in Osun State, Nigeria
This study assessed the waste management practices among urban farmers and explored the perceptions of residents on environmental changes associated with nearby farms in Osun State, Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed methods approach that included data from 390 urban farms and 310 nearby residents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The findings highlight a structural infrastructural deficit. Dedicated waste disposal facilities are only present in 12.6% of farm neighbourhoods with near-zero adequacy and condition index scores (FAI = 0.30 and FCI = 0.26, respectively). Consequently, urban farmers resort to informal waste collection systems (55.6%), open dumping (35.4%), burning (33.3%), and most significantly, water body disposal (22.8%). The results of the Chi-square analysis showed that waste disposal practices are uniform with the exception of government refuse vans utilisation, which showed a significant variation across urban centres (χ² = 8.963, df = 2, p = 0.011 < 0.05). Residents perceive an overwhelming negative impact of farms on the environment (66.8%), with 60.3% reporting that air quality has worsened, and 65.5% identifying waste management as the most critical environmental issue related to proximate farms. The study reveals that urban agriculture waste governance in Osun State is beset by institutional neglect, regulatory invisibility, and infrastructure deficiency. Mandatory farm registration, the provision of dedicated waste infrastructure, improving local waste collection, and enforcing environmental standards are recommended as policy measures to mitigate the uneven distribution of the environmental costs of urban agriculture.
Monitoring Ecosystem Change and Its Impact on Livelihoods in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State: An Integrated Approach
Wamakko Local Government Area is one of the 23 Local Government Areas of Sokoto State, characterized by a fragile dryland ecosystem. However, the ecosystem in this area is under heavy threats caused by both natural and anthropogenic drivers, a situation that adversely undermines its ability to provide adequate and qualitative goods and services necessary for human survival, environmental protection, and sustainable development. This study assesses ecosystem change and its impacts on livelihoods in Wamakko LGA, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Using an integrated approach combining Remote Sensing, multitemporal Landsat images (2000- 2024), which were used to compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), GIS analysis, and field surveys (300 questionnaires, FGD, and KII). The study reveals a significant decline in ecosystem vigor (NDVI decreased from 0.59 to 0.42, ~30%). The degradation is driven by climate variability and population-induced land-use pressures. Livelihood impacts include reduced agricultural productivity, water scarcity, and declining income. The study recommends sustainable land management, ecosystem restoration, and improved environmental monitoring.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface and Groundwater Samples from The Vicinity of Kurudu Solid Waste Dumpsite, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
Given the documented threats posed by heavy metal contamination to environmental and public health, this study assessed heavy metal concentrations in surface and groundwater around the decommissioned Kurudu dumpsite in Abuja, FCT. Groundwater samples were collected from two boreholes (GW1 and GW2) and one hand-dug well (GW3) within the vicinity of the dumpsite. Surface water samples were obtained from Oja River at three points—upstream, midstream, and downstream - between February and March, from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., using 500 mL specimen bottles. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, while metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results showed iron concentrations of 0.40±0.11, 0.09±0.02, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L in GW1, GW2, and GW3 respectively. Lead was not detected in GW1 and GW2 but recorded 0.001 mg/L in GW3. Zinc concentrations were 0.35±0.20, 0.21±0.04, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L, while copper concentrations ranged between 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L across groundwater samples. Magnesium values ranged from 6.00 to 7.50 mg/L, and manganese ranged from 0.09 to 0.62 mg/L. In Oja River, iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.81 mg/L, while lead levels (2.20–3.22 mg/L) exceeded FMEnv standards for irrigation water. Zinc levels also increased downstream. Overall, cadmium and manganese in groundwater exceeded permissible limits, indicating that the Kurudu dumpsite has negatively impacted groundwater quality and poses environmental and agricultural risks.
Spatial Assessment of Crime Vulnerability Using AHP and GIS in Kano Metropolis
Crime remains a significant urban challenge in Kano Metropolis, requiring data-driven approaches to understand its spatial patterns and support effective interventions. This study applies geospatial techniques to model crime vulnerability using an integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework. Factors considered include distance to police stations, population density, land use/land cover, poverty index, road network density, education level, and the children exclusion index. These variables were standardized, reclassified into vulnerability classes, and weighted according to their influence on crime occurrence. A weighted overlay analysis was conducted to produce a composite Crime Vulnerability Index (CVI) map, categorizing the metropolis into low, moderate, and high-risk zones. The results reveal clear spatial variations in crime vulnerability. Low vulnerability areas cover 340.8 km² (68.3%) of the study area, moderate vulnerability zones account for 107.8 km² (21.6%), while high vulnerability areas occupy 50.4 km² (10.1%). High-risk zones are concentrated in densely populated areas with intense commercial activities, poor socio-economic conditions, and limited access to police services. Conversely, low-risk areas are associated with planned residential neighborhoods, lower population density, and stronger security presence. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and multi-criteria decision-making techniques in identifying crime hotspots and recommends enhanced policing, surveillance systems, and GIS-based monitoring to support proactive crime prevention and efficient resource allocation.
The Geography of Non-Work Travels in a Secondary African City: Analyzing Journeys for Shopping, Recreation, and Healthcare in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Non-work travel is an underexplored area of African urban transport research, even though it plays a vital role in the quality of life and the availability of essential services. This paper focused on the spatial arrangements and determinants of travel for shopping, recreation, and healthcare in the Zaria Metropolis. The study assesses the major intra-urban disparities in travel behaviour using a mixed-method approach by combining household surveys (n=384) in the urban zones of Zaria metropolis, including Samaru, Sabon Gari, Tudun Wada, and Zaria Walled City, along with spatial analysis of their road network connectivity using graph-theoretical indices (Alpha, Beta, Gamma). The results show that healthcare trips have the highest travel distances and costs, with 53% of the sample covering 5-10 kilometres and 52.4% paying N500-N700 per trip, whereas shopping trips are mostly short (65-88.5% less than 5 kilometres) but have unexpected cost differences, with 51.3% of the residents of Sabon Gari spending more than N1,000 despite the short travel. Recreational travel reflects patterns of a specific zone, with Samaru at 69% per week and Zaria Walled City at 42.2% per month. Taba and Likoro show higher network connectivity (Gamma = 0.6), while Kerawa exhibits marked weakness (Alpha = 0.0, Beta = 1.1, Gamma = 0.4), with several wards displaying reduced Alpha (0.1) and Beta (≤1.3), reflecting lower network redundancy. The strongest predictors of travel behaviour, according to multiple regression, are travel cost (b=0.390) and mode (b=0.323) (p<0.001). This paper finds that economic constraints, infrastructural gaps, and spatial inequalities are major determinants of non-work mobility and, as such, have implications for sustainable urban planning in Africa's secondary cities.
Determinants of Household Poverty and Livelihood Diversification Among Rural Farming Communities in Yobe State, Nigeria
Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa is persistent, multidimensional and spatially uneven, particularly in fragile dryland regions where climate variability intensifies livelihood vulnerability. In northeastern Nigeria, especially Yobe State, rural deprivation encompasses not only low income but also food insecurity, limited access to basic services, weak asset accumulation and inadequate housing. This study investigated the determinants of household poverty and evaluated the role of livelihood diversification in reducing both poverty incidence and depth among rural farming communities in Yobe State. A cross-sectional household survey of 414 farming households was conducted between June and August 2025. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke poverty indices, an adapted Alkire–Foster Multidimensional Poverty Index, the Simpson Index of Diversification, multivariate regression models and structural equation modelling. Spatial techniques were applied to examine geographic clustering of poverty. Results indicated severe deprivation: over 80% of households earn below ₦30,000 per month, more than 70% experience multidimensional poverty, and only 28% achieve acceptable food consumption levels. Access to irrigation, improved seeds and extension services remains critically limited. Livelihood diversification significantly reduces poverty depth and multidimensional deprivation. Regression and path analyses demonstrated that diversification mediates the poverty-reducing effects of education and credit access, while climate shocks exacerbate poverty through livelihood instability. The findings underscored the need for integrated interventions that enhance diversification, strengthen agricultural resilience and expand institutional support in dryland contexts.
Commercial Drivers’ Knowledge of Road Safety Signs and Its Implications for Tourism Transport Safety in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Commercial drivers play important roles in providing urban mobility and transportation for tourism, yet our understanding of their knowledge of road safety signs remains inadequate. This study examines commercial drivers' knowledge of road safety signs and symbols and the link between that knowledge and tourism transport safety. A descriptive survey design was used to gather data through structured questionnaires and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment correlation (PPMC). The study revealed numerous challenges in drivers' understanding of road safety signs. The traffic light sign received the highest level of knowledge (4.68), whereas the scores of the other signs were much lower, below the acceptable threshold (3.00). The pedestrian crossing was the hardest sign, requiring much interpretation (29.10%). A lack of education and awareness (52.26%) and language barriers (26.55%) were the main challenges related to drivers' road safety. Additionally, 72.88% of traffic violations or accidents were caused by drivers misunderstanding signs. The results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between drivers' knowledge and the outcomes of the tourism transportation process (r = 0.620, p < 0.05). This means that more knowledgeable drivers have better transport results. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.384) indicates that drivers' knowledge makes an important contribution to the results, but is not the only one. It can be concluded that increasing road safety literacy among commercial drivers will improve safety and performance in transportation processes in the Kaduna Metropolis.
Drivers of Vegetation Cover Loss in Zamfara State: Disentangling Climatic Variability and Anthropogenic Pressures (1985–2020)
Understanding the drivers of vegetation cover change in semiarid regions is critical for sustainable land management and climate adaptation. In this paper, the relative influence of climatic variability and anthropogenic pressures on long-term vegetation cover loss across Zamfara State, Nigeria, from 1985 to 2020 was investigated. Fractional vegetation cover maps derived from CLASlite-processed Landsat imagery were integrated with climatic datasets (rainfall and temperature) and human activity proxies (population density, artisanal mining, and agricultural expansion). Statistical and spatial analyses, including correlation, multiple regression, and random forest modelling, were used to quantify the contribution of each driver to vegetation change. The results reveal that both climate and anthropogenic activities significantly influence vegetation dynamics, with anthropogenic pressures explaining approximately 60% of the observed variability. Mining and settlement density emerged as dominant local drivers, whereas rainfall variability accounted for large-scale temporal fluctuations. The findings emphasize the need for integrated land use and climate policies that address both human and environmental factors that drive vegetation degradation in northern Nigeria.
Predicting Rainfall Variability and Cereal Crop Yields Using Climate Oscillation Indices and Machine Learning in Northwestern Nigeria
Northwestern Nigeria, a semi-arid Sahelian environment, is highly vulnerable to rainfall variability due to its strong dependence on rain-fed agriculture. This study evaluated the predictive capability of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) machine learning models in forecasting annual rainfall variability and aggregate cereal crop yields using some large-scale climate oscillation indices, specifically the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). Historical data (2000-2024) were sourced from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) database for rainfall, the National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) for crop yields, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for climate indices. Data preprocessing included temporal aggregation, normalisation, and quality control procedures before model development. The models were trained and validated using a chronological 80:20 data split, while predictive performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Results showed that the ANN model achieved slightly superior rainfall prediction performance (R² = 0.811; MAE = 101.82 mm), while the RF model produced higher predictive accuracy for aggregate cereal crop yields (R² = 0.893; MAE = 0.04375 T/Ha). The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning approaches in modelling complex climate-crop interactions across northwestern Nigeria. However, limitations associated with the relatively short temporal dataset and the exclusion of agronomic variables are acknowledged. The study highlights the potential application of machine learning models in climate-informed agricultural forecasting, early warning systems, and climate adaptation planning within vulnerable semi-arid regions.
An Assessment of Farmers’ Access and Utilization of Meteorological Information in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Climate change and extreme weather events continue to present considerable challenges to agriculture in developing countries. This study evaluated farmers’ access to and utilization of meteorological information in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, amid increasing climate variability and its impact on rain-fed farming. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 384 farmers were selected through multistage sampling. Data were gathered via questionnaires, with secondary climatic data (1970–2024) obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Rainfall and temperature patterns were analyzed using linear trend regression, while survey responses were summarized with descriptive statistics. Results showed a fluctuating yet overall rising trend in rainfall (R2 = 0.0863), with delayed onset between April and May and cessation between September and October. The growing season lasted from 109 to 191 days. Temperature trends indicated a steady increase in maximum temperatures (R2 = 0691 and 0.0335 for Max and Min), consistent with global climate change patterns. Although 89% of farmers possessed some knowledge of meteorological information, access was limited- only 16% had high access, and 37% had none. Radio was the main information source (68%), with extension services playing a minor role (2%). Meteorological data influenced decisions on planting, crop choice, and harvesting, but poor communication infrastructure, weak extension services, and inadequate dissemination mechanisms hindered the effectiveness of these decisions. The study concludes that, despite high awareness, limited access diminishes usefulness. It recommends strengthening information dissemination and institutional support to enhance agricultural resilience.
An Assessment of the Influence of Insecurity on Recreational Activities in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
This study investigated the influence of insecurity on recreationists’ participation and recreational activities in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Specifically, it empirically assessed how insecurity affects recreationists’ participation patterns and analyzed its implications for recreational activities within the metropolis. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from 354 respondents using structured questionnaires administered across major recreational centers in Kaduna Metropolis. Multiple regression analysis was employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that insecurity has a negative and statistically significant influence on recreationists’ participation patterns, with the regression model explaining 20.3% (R² = 0.203) of the variation in participation. Results further show that insecurity has significant implications for the functionality of recreational activities, with the second model accounting for 27.0% (R² = 0.270) of the variation in recreational activities. Therefore, insecurity undermines the operational efficiency of recreational facilities, reduces visitor turnout, and weakens the viability of leisure and tourism-related activities in the metropolis. Consequently, recreational and hospitality businesses experience declining revenues, increased security-related expenditures, and reduced patronage. Based on these findings and conclusions, the study recommends that the Kaduna State Government designate recreational areas as security priority zones by deploying permanent or scheduled patrol teams to parks, leisure centers, and event venues, especially during peak periods and weekends. Additionally, facility managers should be mandated to implement effective access control and visitor monitoring systems to enhance early detection and response to potential security threats.
Workplace Safety and Sustainable Practices as Predictors of Staff Health and Business Performance in Kaduna’s Hospitality Industry
The hospitality industry is a significant employer, yet it often features challenging working conditions. While sustainable practices are being increasingly adopted, their direct influence on key operational outcomes, such as staff productivity and business performance, remains poorly quantified, especially in developing urban contexts. This study addresses this gap by quantitatively analysing data from 349 staff and management organizations across hotels, guesthouses, and restaurants in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and correlation analysis, the study investigates the effects of workplace safety practices on staff productivity and business performance, as well as the relationships between broader sustainable practices and staff health and safety. The results reveal a strong positive relationship, with workplace safety practices accounting for 52.7% (R² = 0.527) of the variation in staff productivity and 49.3% (R² = 0.493) of the variation in business performance. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between sustainable practices and staff health and safety (the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.54 to 0.68, p<0.001). The regression model indicated that sustainable practices explained 61% of the variation in health and safety outcomes (R² = 0.61). The findings suggest that sustainability is not merely a cost or a marketing tool but also a strategic driver of employee well-being, efficiency, and competitive advantage. The study concludes by recommending that hospitality managers prioritize safety training and equipment and integrate comprehensive sustainability practices such as waste management and energy efficiency to achieve tangible improvements in both human capital and business capital.
Assessing Spatial Correlations Between Groundwater Potential Zones and Borehole Productivity in Lokoja, Nigeria
This study evaluates groundwater potential zones in Lokoja Metropolis, Kogi State, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geospatial techniques. We analyzed Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery, the Digital Elevation Model (SRTM), rainfall data, soil and geological maps, and borehole-yield data. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assess factors influencing groundwater potential, including geology, rainfall, lineament density, drainage density, slope, elevation, soil, and land use/land cover. The results show that Very low potential zones 14.01% (46.65 km²), underlain by amphibole schist, Low potential zones 24.02% (79.97 km²), with granite and charnockite, Moderate potential zones 24.93% (82.96 km²), underlain by migmatite, High potential zones 23.75% (79.06 km²), associated with sandstone and siltstone and Very high potential zones 13.24% (44.06 km²), in areas of undifferentiated alluvium. Findings indicate that geology is the major factor influencing groundwater potential (37% weight), lineament density has a significant influence (18% weight), and land use/land cover has a moderate influence (5% weight). Strong positive correlation of 0.917 between borehole yields and groundwater potential map, with a prediction accuracy of 78%. The study findings can inform decision-making for sustainable groundwater management in Lokoja Metropolis. The study recommends that the government provide alternative water sources in areas identified as having very low or low potential to alleviate water scarcity. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing and geospatial techniques in assessing groundwater potential zones. The results can be used to optimize groundwater exploration and management in the study area.
An Assessment of Sustainable Practices in the Hospitality Industry in Kaduna, Metropolis, Nigeria
This research sought to investigate sustainable practices in the hospitality industry in the Kaduna metropolis. The specific objectives included an assessment of the level of awareness and implementation of sustainable practices in the hospitality industry in the Kaduna metropolis and an assessment of the perceived benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of sustainable practices. This research was guided by the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theory, which was developed by John Elkington in 1994. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data obtained from a structured questionnaire using purposive sampling. The results revealed that although hospitality businesses in Kaduna Metropolis have started implementing green practices, the level of implementation is still considered moderate. It was established that hotels that implement green practices are likely to increase customer satisfaction, improve their reputation, and increase profitability because of cost reduction. Although green practices in hospitality businesses in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, were identified as a challenge because of high investment costs, a lack of customer awareness, and inadequate skills, the study established that green practices enhance profitability in the long term, thereby improving competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the government should consider offering financial incentives, such as grants, soft loans, and tax relief, to hotels that implement green practices, such as energy-saving equipment, water-saving devices, and solar power, to reduce the high cost of implementation, which was identified as a challenge in implementing green practices in the hospitality industry in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
An Assessment of the Impact of Security Challenges and Recreationist Perceptions in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Recreational activities play a crucial role in promoting physical, social, and psychological well-being, but insecurity can significantly limit public engagement in leisure spaces. This study examined the relationship between security challenges and recreationists’ perceptions in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified the major security challenges affecting Kaduna Metropolis and examined the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of recreationists regarding insecurity. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 354 respondents using structured questionnaires administered across major recreational centers. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results revealed a statistically significant difference across the five security groups, with an F-value of 3.45 and a p-value of 0.009, indicating that recreational development varies depending on the type of security challenge experienced. Post-hoc analysis further showed that respondents exposed to theft reported higher levels of recreational development compared to those experiencing more severe threats, such as armed robbery, banditry, and kidnapping. Also, One-Way ANOVA examining recreationists’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions produced an F-value of 13.72 and a p-value of 0.000, confirming that differences in awareness and attitudes significantly influence recreational choices. These findings suggest that insecurity in Kaduna Metropolis poses significant challenges to recreational activities, consistent with the Risk Perception Theory, which explains behavioral changes among residents and visitors. Perceptions of risk associated with theft and armed robbery influence decisions to avoid public spaces and reduce engagement in leisure activities. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the government, in collaboration with security agencies, intensify efforts to address the root causes of insecurity, including unemployment and poverty, while enhancing surveillance, rapid response mechanisms, and community policing initiatives.
Post-Flood Recovery and Adaptive Livelihood Strategies Among Vulnerable Households in Makurdi and Guma LGAs of Benue State, Nigeria
Recurring flooding in the Benue Valley continues to undermine the socio-economic stability of riparian communities, yet the sustainability of household recovery strategies remains insufficiently understood. This study examined post-flood recovery and adaptive livelihood strategies among households in flood-prone areas of Makurdi and Guma Local Government Areas, Benue State, Nigeria. A quantitative approach was adopted, using structured questionnaires administered to 396 households. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Findings indicate that flooding is a recurrent and severe phenomenon in the study area, with 55.1% of respondents experiencing displacement three or more times within a decade. Key impacts included structural damage to housing (36.0%), loss of stored crops and seeds (30.6%), and widespread loss of primary income sources (66.2%). Recovery efforts were largely self-financed, with 44.9% relying on borrowing and 62.1% still in debt. Institutional support was limited, as 71.2% of households received no government assistance, while 98.0% had no insurance coverage. Households adopted various coping mechanisms, including livelihood diversification (45.0%) and complete shifts in income sources (24.0%), reflecting adaptive responses to persistent flood risk. However, 63.9% of respondents reported that the strategies were temporary and unsustainable. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between occupation and location (χ² = 200.7, p < 0.001) and between survival strategies and location (χ² = 209.7, p < 0.001). Rural households relied more on farming and distress-based coping strategies, while urban households exhibited more diversified and financially oriented responses. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that enhance long-term livelihood recovery and resilience.