Climate-Smart Agriculture, Insect Farming and Integrated Waste Management for Livelihood Improvement and Urban Greening in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47514/kjg.2026.08.01.058Keywords:
Climate-Smart Agriculture, Insect Farming, Integrated Waste Management, Urban Greening, Kaduna Metropolis, Circular EconomyAbstract
Climate change, environmental degradation, and poor organic waste management pose significant challenges to sustainable agriculture and urban livelihoods in Kaduna Metropolis. This study assessed the potential of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), insect farming, and integrated waste management to improve household livelihoods and promote urban greening. A mixed-methods, cross-sectional design combined a structured survey of 400 randomly selected farming households (from a target population of 39,082), 20 key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and six-month pilot demonstrations across eight neighbourhoods of Kaduna Metropolis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations; qualitative data were analysed thematically. Adoption of drought-tolerant (80%) and pest-resistant (75%) crop varieties was relatively high, while adoption of rainwater harvesting (35%) and crop rotation (30%) remained low. Awareness of CSA was 35.0% and of insect farming 24.0%, varying by education, age, and gender. During the pilot, 2,450 kg of organic waste was converted into 462 kg of black soldier fly larvae and 1,180 kg of compost; 74.2% of households adopted at least one promoted technology, and 59.2% sustained use through six months of monitoring. Key barriers to sustained adoption were inadequate finance, limited technical support, land constraints, and weak market linkages. Insect farming, composting, and selected CSA practices are feasible at pilot scale and can diversify household livelihoods and improve waste management when supported by extension services, finance, and market development. As these findings derive from a six-month pilot in selected communities, they should be treated as preliminary; longer-term studies with larger populations are needed to assess sustainability, economic viability, and environmental impact before broader implementation.
References
Abdulkadir, H. (2024). The Role of Smallholder Farmers in Enhancing Food Security in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Kaduna Journal of Geography, 6(1), 40-50. https://kadunajournalofgeography.org/index.php/kjg/article/view/5/4
Abubakar, M., Dogo, B., & Abubakar, A. J. (2025). Socioeconomic Determinants and Patterns of Charcoal Utilization Among Urban Dwellers in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 9(12), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0912-4417
Adeagbo, A., Kehinde, A., & Bamire, A. (2025). Climate change adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers in Nigeria: what role do social capital formations play in the adoption process?. Scient Agric Bohem, 56(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.7160/sab.2025.560208
Adewuyi, S. A., & Anuoluwapo, A. A. (2018). Climate variability and smallholder farmers' adaptive strategies in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(4), 664–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1331702
Ahmad, M., Aliyu, A., & Ahmed, A. M. (2026). Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Change and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Fragmentation and Habitat Quality in Kaduna Millennium City, Nigeria. Kaduna Journal of Geography, 8(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.47514/kjg.2026.08.01.002
Akpenpuun, O., & Busari, O. (2013). Effects of climate change on Nigerian agriculture. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 16(2), 1927–1934.
Amrul, N. F., Kabir, A. R., Ahmad, N. E., Suja, F., Jalil, N. A., & Azman, N. A. (2022). A review of organic waste treatment using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): Process optimisation and future prospects. Sustainability, 14(8), 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084565
Bosch, G., Van Zanten, H. H. E., Zamprogna, A., Veenenbos, M., Meijer, N. P., Van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., & Van Loon, J. J. A. (2021). Conversion of organic resources by black soldier fly larvae: Legislation, efficiency and environmental impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.270
Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C., & Tockner, K. (2009). Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: Establishing optimal feeding rates. Waste Management & Research, 27(6), 603–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09103838
Dogo, B., Ahmed, M. S., Tanko, A. S., Abubakar, M. L., Abukur, A. A., & Jirayi, H. M. (2024). Scaling Up Insect Farming in Kaduna State: Challenges, Evidence-Based Prospects, and Its Role in Enhancing Livelihoods in Urban and Rural Areas. Kaduna Journal of Geography, 6(1), 14-39.
Edewor, S. E., & Ogbe, A. O. (2026). Climate change, natural resource conflicts and insecurity in Nigeria: Implications for food security. Frontiers in Nutrition, 13, 1805921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1805921
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2010). The state of food and agriculture 2010–2011: Women in agriculture—Closing the gender gap for development. FAO. Available online at https://www.fao.org/4/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2013). Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook. FAO. Available online at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3325e
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook (2nd ed.). FAO. Available online at https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b21f2087-f398-4718-8461-b92afc82e617/content
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2018: Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. FAO. Available online at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca1354en
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. FAO. Available online at https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en
Gajalakshmi, S., & Abbasi, S. A. (2008). Solid waste management by composting: State of the art. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 38(5), 311–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380701413633
Kaduna State Ministry of Agriculture. (2026). Household farmer population records for Chikun, Kaduna North, Kaduna South and Igabi Local Government Areas. Kaduna State Ministry of Agriculture. (Unpublished administrative records).
Kim, T. K., Yong, H. I., Kim, Y. B., Kim, H. W., & Choi, Y. S. (2019). Edible insects as a protein source: A review of public perception, processing technology, and product development. Food Science of Animal Resources, 39(4), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e53
Kroeckel, S., Harjes, A. G. E., Roth, I., Katz, H., Wuertz, S., Susenbeth, A., & Schulz, C. (2012). When a turbot catches a fly: Evaluation of a pre-pupal Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal substitute in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 364–365, 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.041
Kumar, P., & Singh, R. (2021). Insect meal production and utilization in aquaculture: Opportunities and challenges. Aquaculture International, 29(3), 1235–1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00678-8
Kumar, K., Khatri, A., & Shekhar Thakur, I. (2025). Agricultural Waste Management for Food Security and Sustainability. In Agricultural and Food Waste Management - Innovative Solutions and Sustainable Practices. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010261
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., Caron, P., Cattaneo, A., Garrity, D., Henry, K., Hottle, R., Jackson, L., Jarvis, A., Kossam, F., Mann, W., McCarthy, N., Meybeck, A., Neufeldt, H., Remington, T., ... Torquebiau, E. F. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2437
López, M., Egaña, M., & Sánchez-Muros, M. J. (2018). Functional properties of insect-derived ingredients for animal nutrition. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 4(4), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2017.0045
Mustapha, M., Mukhtar, A., & Shuaibu, S. I. (2026). Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Impacts of Motor Parks in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Kaduna Journal of Geography, 8(1), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.47514/kjg.2026.08.01.016
National Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report (Q3 2020). National Bureau of Statistics.
Ogunleye, A. S., Adeyemi, O., & Ibrahim, A. (2018). Urban green space utilisation and management challenges in northern Nigerian cities. Journal of Urban Ecology, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juy018
Ojo, T. O., Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., & Salami, A. O. (2020). Climate change adaptation strategies and determinants among smallholder farmers in Nigeria. Environmental Development, 33, 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.100488
Omokaro, G. O. (2024). Multi-impacts of climate change and mitigation strategies in Nigeria: Agricultural production and food security. Science in One Health, 4, 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soh.2025.100113
Onwunali, M. R. O., Oparandudu, G. O., & Musa, S. B. (2025). Impact of Contract Farming on Smallholder Farmers' Livelihood and Food Security in Kubau Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainability, 2(1), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.69798/66013551
Rang, S. (2020). Production of biodiesel from Hermetia illucens larvae: A review. Renewable Energy, 161, 107–116.
Renna, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Lussiana, C., Malfatto, V., Prearo, M., Capucchio, M. T., Biasato, I., Biasibetti, E., De Marco, M., Brugiapaglia, A., Zoccarato, I., & Gasco, L. (2017). Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal as ingredient for rainbow trout diets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 8, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0191-3
Umar, A., Mukhtar, A. A., Abubakar, M. L., & Abdussalam, A. F. (2025). Assessing sustainable environmental practices and carbon footprint awareness among Urban dwellers in Kaduna Metropolis. Science World Journal, 20(2), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v20i2.27
van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper No. 171. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Bala Dogo, Favour Ibironke Olubamise, Mendos Dogo, Habila Jethro Alkali, Yakubu Saidi Imam, Nehemiah I. Fumen (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
