Assessment of the Seasonal Variations in Elemental Composition of Fine Particulate Matter across Selected Industrial Locations in Lagos State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47514/kjg.2025.07.01.037Keywords:
PM₂.₅, Elemental Composition, Industrial Estates, Seasonal Variation, Air Quality MonitoringAbstract
Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) poses a significant threat to environmental quality and human health, especially in rapidly urbanizing and industrializing regions like Lagos State, Nigeria. Understanding its elemental composition and seasonal variation is crucial for formulating effective air quality management strategies. This study monitored PM₂.₅ concentrations and their elemental composition across eleven locations in five major industrial estates (Odogunyan, Ikeja/Ogba, Oshodi/Ilupeju, Apapa, and Surulere) and one control site (Alausa) in Lagos over a 12-month period. A total of 132 PM₂.₅ samples were collected using air metric gravimetric samplers. Elemental analysis was performed using the Rigaku EG Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) to quantify the presence of 51 elements. PM₂.₅ concentrations varied significantly between the wet and dry seasons, with higher values recorded in the dry season (24.55–137.14 µg/m³) exceeding WHO guidelines compared to the wet season (7.94–32.4 µg/m³). Of the 51 elements screened, 41 were detected, with silicon (Si), barium (Ba), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca) being the most abundant. Spatial patterns showed that Odogunyan and Surulere had the highest elemental burdens due to heavy industrial and vehicular activities. The study revealed distinct spatial and seasonal variations in PM₂.₅ concentrations and elemental composition, reflecting differences in industrial activity and environmental conditions. The presence of potentially toxic elements highlights serious public health concerns, especially in densely populated areas. There is an urgent need for Lagos State Government to strengthen its air quality regulations and enforce cleaner industrial practices. Establishing a continuous air quality monitoring network and integrating air pollution controls in urban planning are essential steps toward reducing exposure to harmful pollutants.
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